項(xiàng)目周期外文翻譯

1、<p>　　附錄：英文文獻(xiàn)與翻譯</p><p>　　The Project Cycle</p><p>　　If the question, ”What does the world bank do?” had to be answered in a few words, those words would be :”It lends for development proje

2、cts.” The World Bank's main business, that is, loans to those who have been carefully selected and prepared a comprehensive assessment of, and strict supervision as well as the systematic evaluation of the particular

3、 item. Bank for Reconstruction and Development since their inception in 1946, and its subsidiary's soft lending institutions - the International Dev</p><p>　　The Bank will focus on project loans, the Wor

4、ld Bank to ensure that funds are invested reliable, productive principle of the project. These projects can promote economic development in borrowing countries, but also taking into account the ability to repay loans. Wo

5、rld Bank is a development agencies, but also a financial institution, the loan for each project must be consistent with the characteristics of the dual. In recent years, the number of items and amounts of loans have

6、 significant gr</p><p>　　There has been no less a change in the character of projects. From lending countries, development strategy and project design of loans, the World Bank Loan of the growing tendency to

7、 develop. - Borrowing countries: a gradual shift of loans in Asia, Africa and Latin America, poverty and the least developed countries. - Development strategy: the so-called progressive's theory, that econo

8、mic growth will eventually benefit the broad masses of the poor, the World Bank has been a more reason</p><p>　　This evolution in the development orientation-and in the quality-of bank lending can be illustr

9、ated, at the risk of oversimplification, by comparing a “typical” loan of the 1950s with a “typical” loan of the 1970s. 50's loans may be used for a middle-income developing countries the construction of power p

10、lants. By foreign consultants to design and supervision, foreign contractors and suppliers responsible for the implementation of the foreign staff to assist in the management of projects, f</p><p>　　Although

11、 records indicate that the project over the changes and development, but the World Bank is still involved in a small number of larger projects. Now with a total investment of 140 million U.S. dollars for the project, the

12、 World Bank's average loan amount of about 5 million dollars. Be independent of the projects the World Bank can play an important role in demonstrations, they are able to isolate other investors as a partner or an in

13、dependent provider of funds, the World Bank loan on the </p><p>　　The bank’s role in the project cycle is performed largely by its projects staff, who now number about 1300 drawn from 100 nationalities. Worl

14、d Bank project staff about the employment of all the business 3 / 4, accounting for all the large number of other experts in various disciplines, including agronomists, experts in tropical crops, groundwater experts, agr

15、icultural credit and livestock experts, demographers, architects, rural and urban sociologists, public health experts, environmentalists, m</p><p>　　Selected a project in line with the above-mentioned requir

16、ements will not be easy, because they are likely to lack the good sense to make only the necessary. Government and other lending institutions may be in the priority development goals and sectors with different views of t

17、he World Bank. The size of the choice of projects may be difficult (from the pilot phase is to start, or start with a larger amount, the risk of greater investment in the beginning?), In order to achieve the project obje

18、ct</p><p>　　Finally, some projects proposed by private sponsors, such as the development of new resources to find the mining and oil companies. In accordance with the World Bank's point of view, these pr

19、ojects the World Bank confirmed in the "selected" before, must meet the aforementioned criteria. </p><p>　　Once identified, projects are incorporated into a multi-year lending program for each coun

20、try that forms the basis for the banks future work in the country. Country programs are used for programming and budgeting the banks operations and for assuring that the resources necessary to bring each project forward

21、through the successive phases of its cycle are available.</p><p>　　After a project has been incorporated into the lending program, it enters the project pipeline, and an extensive period—normally one or two

22、years—of close collaboration between the bank and the eventual borrower begins. A “project brief” is prepared for each project, describing its objectives, identifying principal issues, and establishing the timetable for

23、its further processing.</p><p><b>　　項(xiàng)目周期</b></p><p>　　如果簡(jiǎn)要回答“世界銀行經(jīng)營(yíng)什么”的問(wèn)題，答案是：“他為項(xiàng)目的開發(fā)貸款”。世行的主要業(yè)務(wù)，即貸款給那些經(jīng)過(guò)精心選定和準(zhǔn)備、全面評(píng)估、嚴(yán)格監(jiān)督以及系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)的特定項(xiàng)目。國(guó)際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行（簡(jiǎn)稱“世行”）自1946年投入運(yùn)營(yíng)以來(lái)，與其附屬的軟貸款機(jī)構(gòu)—國(guó)際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)（

24、簡(jiǎn)稱IDA,1961年投入運(yùn)營(yíng)）一道，共提供了3094筆用于項(xiàng)目開發(fā)的硬貸款與軟貸款，總額已超過(guò)920億美元。這些貸款中的絕大部分，即90%以上，用于特定項(xiàng)目，如學(xué)校、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃、水電站大壩、道路建設(shè)和化肥廠。</p><p>　　世行將重點(diǎn)放在項(xiàng)目貸款上，是以確保世行資金投向可靠的、富有成效的項(xiàng)目為原則的。這些項(xiàng)目既可以促進(jìn)借款國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，也考慮到項(xiàng)目貸款的償還能力。世行既是一個(gè)開發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)，也是一個(gè)金融機(jī)構(gòu)

25、，其貸款的每一項(xiàng)目都必須符合該機(jī)構(gòu)的雙重特點(diǎn)。</p><p>　　近年來(lái)，項(xiàng)目數(shù)量和貸款金額都有了顯著的增長(zhǎng)。50年代初期，世行每年貸款不足20筆，總額約4億美元，且絕大部分集中在歐洲和拉美；在1967財(cái)政年度，共有67筆貸款，總額已達(dá)11億美元；在1986年6月戒指的財(cái)政年度內(nèi)，批準(zhǔn)的貸款為246筆，總額高達(dá)123億美元，分別帶給90個(gè)國(guó)家。</p><p>　　項(xiàng)目的性質(zhì)也發(fā)生了很大

26、變化。從貸款國(guó)家、發(fā)展策略、貸款部門和項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)上看，世行貸款日益傾向于開發(fā)性。</p><p>　　——借款國(guó)家：貸款逐步轉(zhuǎn)向亞非拉的貧困與不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家。</p><p>　　——發(fā)展策略：所謂漸進(jìn)式的理論，即認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)將最終使廣大的貧困者受益，已被世行以一種更為合理的方式所取代，它通過(guò)提高城鄉(xiāng)貧困人口的勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)力和生活水平的計(jì)劃，將加速經(jīng)濟(jì)整張與直接消除貧困結(jié)合起來(lái)。</p>

27、;<p>　　——部門：已將重點(diǎn)由基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向更為廣泛的項(xiàng)目，只在加快發(fā)展、提供基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)和改進(jìn)收入分配。雖然基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施仍是重要的，但世行帶寬范圍已發(fā)展并擴(kuò)大到農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村建設(shè)、室友和天然氣、城市建設(shè)與公共設(shè)施、供水與衛(wèi)生舒適、小型企業(yè)、教育、醫(yī)療、人口和營(yíng)養(yǎng)等各個(gè)方面。</p><p>　　——項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：新型的和傳統(tǒng)的各個(gè)部門都更加注意收入分配和就業(yè)、開發(fā)地區(qū)資源與工藝機(jī)構(gòu)的發(fā)展、大方人才的培養(yǎng)、

28、對(duì)環(huán)境的影響以及消除社會(huì)和文化的束縛等問(wèn)題。然而，世行對(duì)歷來(lái)受到重視的市場(chǎng)作用、可行價(jià)格、優(yōu)質(zhì)掛你以及在可行的情況下收回項(xiàng)目費(fèi)用以保證對(duì)項(xiàng)目的適當(dāng)維護(hù)和重建等方面的關(guān)注，也有增無(wú)減。</p><p>　　世行貸款的這種開發(fā)性傾向和質(zhì)的發(fā)展變化，我們不妨簡(jiǎn)單地通過(guò)對(duì)50年代與70年代的兩筆“典型”貸款的比較來(lái)加以說(shuō)明。</p><p>　　50年代的貸款可能用于一個(gè)中等收入的發(fā)展中國(guó)家的發(fā)電

29、廠建設(shè)。這項(xiàng)由外國(guó)咨詢顧問(wèn)設(shè)計(jì)和監(jiān)理、外國(guó)承包商和供應(yīng)商負(fù)責(zé)實(shí)施、并由外籍人員協(xié)助管理的項(xiàng)目，從一定意義上說(shuō)是國(guó)外包攬項(xiàng)目。如同對(duì)項(xiàng)目的組織于管理工作進(jìn)行分析一樣，世行對(duì)該項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)和財(cái)務(wù)方面的可行性也進(jìn)行分析。但他對(duì)該項(xiàng)目在真?zhèn)€能源部門中所處的背景情況、電力分配情況、各種收費(fèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)電力消耗的影響等缺乏足夠的重視。</p><p>　　70年代的貸款可能用于一個(gè)低收入打發(fā)展中國(guó)家的農(nóng)村建設(shè)。此項(xiàng)目提供一套

30、完整的物資和服務(wù)（包括附屬設(shè)施、信用、營(yíng)銷、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)、基本建設(shè)和情況研究等），以提高生產(chǎn)力和農(nóng)村的生活書評(píng)。壯大原有的地方公益機(jī)構(gòu)或建立新的機(jī)構(gòu)；在廣泛培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃的配合下，盡量使用當(dāng)?shù)厝瞬?；提倡低成本的設(shè)計(jì)和運(yùn)用適當(dāng)技術(shù)，一遍為當(dāng)?shù)爻邪毯凸?yīng)商提供更多的機(jī)會(huì)；在項(xiàng)目中建立一個(gè)監(jiān)控和評(píng)估系統(tǒng)，以幫助協(xié)調(diào)項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施并為未來(lái)項(xiàng)目總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)；還注意從受益人那里收回成本以保證項(xiàng)目的良性循環(huán)。</p><p>　　盡管以上記錄表明

31、了項(xiàng)目的變化和發(fā)展，但是世行仍在參與少量的較大型工程?，F(xiàn)在對(duì)一個(gè)總投資為1.4億美元的項(xiàng)目，世行的平均貸款額約為5千萬(wàn)美元。得到世行自主的項(xiàng)目能起到重要的示范作用，所以能孤立其它投資人作為合伙的或獨(dú)立的資金提供人，在世行貸款的基礎(chǔ)上再注入自由資金。1981年世行資助項(xiàng)目的1/3得到來(lái)自國(guó)外的聯(lián)合資助。</p><p>　　每項(xiàng)世行資助項(xiàng)目必須確實(shí)有助于開發(fā)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，且在經(jīng)濟(jì)上、技術(shù)以及財(cái)務(wù)上必須殷實(shí)可靠。沒有兩

32、項(xiàng)工程是相似的，每項(xiàng)工程都有其獨(dú)特的背景，貸款必須針對(duì)其實(shí)際情況。此外，每一項(xiàng)目都將經(jīng)歷一個(gè)周期，雖然有所差別，但過(guò)程大體相同。本文將要討論項(xiàng)目周期的各個(gè)階段，包括項(xiàng)目的選定、準(zhǔn)備、評(píng)估、談判、向執(zhí)行董事會(huì)呈報(bào)、執(zhí)行和監(jiān)督以及最后的評(píng)價(jià)。還要討論世行在各個(gè)階段所起的作用。各個(gè)階段相互銜接而最后一個(gè)階段反過(guò)來(lái)將產(chǎn)生新的先項(xiàng)目方法和設(shè)想，引入心項(xiàng)目的選定，使周期得以自我更新。</p><p>　　世行在項(xiàng)目周期中所起

33、的作用在很大程度上依靠其項(xiàng)目人員來(lái)完成。這些人員的數(shù)量已達(dá)1300人，來(lái)自100多個(gè)國(guó)家。項(xiàng)目人員約占世行雇傭的所有業(yè)務(wù)人員的3/4，占所有大批其它各學(xué)科的專家，包括農(nóng)學(xué)家、熱帶作物專家、地下水專家、農(nóng)業(yè)信用和畜產(chǎn)專家、人口統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)家、建筑師、城鄉(xiāng)社會(huì)學(xué)家、公共衛(wèi)生專家、環(huán)境學(xué)家、宏觀規(guī)劃工作者、教育家和能源專家。技術(shù)專家們?cè)谄涓髯灶I(lǐng)域積累了豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)并正值事業(yè)發(fā)展之時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)入世行工作，又是成為管理人員。他們中俄的大部分人曾在發(fā)展中國(guó)家工作過(guò)

34、。世行要求其項(xiàng)目人員對(duì)發(fā)展項(xiàng)目有廣泛的了解并具備作出合理的獨(dú)立判斷的能力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)。我們完全可以說(shuō)，世行項(xiàng)目人員在隊(duì)伍規(guī)模、國(guó)別和職業(yè)的多樣化方面都是獨(dú)一無(wú)二的。</p><p><b>　　項(xiàng)目的選定</b></p><p>　　項(xiàng)目周期的第一個(gè)階段涉及項(xiàng)目的選定。此類項(xiàng)目必須具有很高的優(yōu)先權(quán)，看上去值得世行的支持，同時(shí)能引起世行、有關(guān)政府和借款人三方的興趣與考慮。早期

35、，項(xiàng)目的選定是以特別方式進(jìn)行的，主要根據(jù)有關(guān)政府和借款人的提議二采取某種方式。多年來(lái)，世行一直鼓勵(lì)并幫助借款國(guó)提高其規(guī)劃能力，同時(shí)完善其自身的項(xiàng)目選定方法。世行對(duì)一國(guó)所進(jìn)行的經(jīng)濟(jì)和部門分析，為評(píng)價(jià)改過(guò)制定一合理的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略進(jìn)行不斷的對(duì)話奠定了基礎(chǔ)，該戰(zhàn)略包括對(duì)該國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和對(duì)主要部門的政策與機(jī)構(gòu)的改革。繼而使世行得以選定適用于并有助于一個(gè)連續(xù)的發(fā)展策略，符合各個(gè)部門的要求并獲得該國(guó)政府和世行雙方首肯的項(xiàng)目。這些項(xiàng)目還必須經(jīng)過(guò)一初步的可行性論證

36、，即在所確定的技術(shù)和管理方案上的投資是否有可能與預(yù)期效益相一致。</p><p>　　選定一個(gè)符合上述要求的項(xiàng)目并非易事，因?yàn)榭赡苋狈ψ龀雒髦桥袛嗨璧闹皇恰Ｕ推渌J款機(jī)構(gòu)可能在發(fā)展目標(biāo)和部門優(yōu)先權(quán)上與世行意見不同。在選擇項(xiàng)目的規(guī)模上可能會(huì)發(fā)生困難（究竟是先從試驗(yàn)階段開始，還是先從一項(xiàng)數(shù)額較大、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性亦較大的投資開始），為達(dá)到項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)，在政策或管理體制改革的需要方面，不同的觀點(diǎn)可能會(huì)很快出現(xiàn)。其中某些事項(xiàng)的決

37、策工作可能會(huì)一直延伸到準(zhǔn)備階段。</p><p>　　在實(shí)踐中，項(xiàng)目在這種背景下究竟如何選定？世行和政府的介入將使的過(guò)程復(fù)雜化，而政府制定經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃和處理項(xiàng)目的不同能力又使過(guò)程更加復(fù)雜。世行對(duì)一國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)分析又受到該國(guó)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)大小與質(zhì)量及其本身經(jīng)濟(jì)工作的影響。部門分析可由國(guó)家完成，或由設(shè)行承擔(dān)，或通過(guò)世行與聯(lián)合國(guó)的專門機(jī)構(gòu)的一個(gè)合作計(jì)劃、或通過(guò)聯(lián)合國(guó)開發(fā)計(jì)劃署（UNDP）資助的研究項(xiàng)目、雙邊援助計(jì)劃、或以前的世行貸款研

38、究中的某項(xiàng)規(guī)定作出。</p><p>　　最后，某些項(xiàng)目由私人主辦者提出，如尋求開發(fā)新資源的采礦和石油企業(yè)。按照世行的觀點(diǎn)，這些項(xiàng)目在被世行確認(rèn)“選定”之前，必須達(dá)到前述的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</p><p>　　項(xiàng)目一經(jīng)選定，它們將被納入一個(gè)為各國(guó)準(zhǔn)備的多年貸款計(jì)劃中，該計(jì)劃將構(gòu)成世行今后在該國(guó)工作的基礎(chǔ)。國(guó)家計(jì)劃用于確定世行在該國(guó)工作的規(guī)劃和預(yù)算，并確保每一項(xiàng)目在項(xiàng)目周期的各個(gè)階段所需的組員供應(yīng)充足