簡介：CHARACTERIZATIONOFPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSEMIXESFORDIFFERENTMARSHALLCOMPACTIONEFFORTSDEPARTMENTOFCVILIENGNIEERNIG,NATOINALINSTTIUTEOFTECHNOLOGYKARNATAKA,SURATHKA,LMANGAOLRE575025,INDIAABSTRACTPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSESPFCSAREMAINLYRECOMMENDEDASSURFACEDRAINAGELAYERSONHIGHSPEEDROADCORRIDORSANDRUNWAYPAVEMENTSPERMEABILITYANDSOUNDATTENUATIONCHARACTERISTICSARECONSIDEREDTOBETHEINDICESFORPERFORMANCEASSESSMENTOFPFCSONEOFTHEREASONSFORTHELOSSOFPERMEABILITYINPFCSISDENSIFICATIONUNDERHEAVYTRAFFICBUT,RESISTANCETORAVELLINGTOO,ISOFMAINCONCERNINTHECASEOFUNDERCOMPACTEDPFCSTHISPAPERSUMMARISESTHEDETAILSOFLABORATORYINVESTIGATIONONTHECHARACTERIZATIONOFPFCMIXESCORRESPONDINGTOFOURDIFFERENTGRADATIONSANDTWOBINDERCONTENTS,FORTHREELEVELSOFTHEMARSHALLCOMPACTIONTHEFINDINGSOFTHEINVESTIGATIONSUGGESTTHATTHESELECTIONOFTHECOMPACTIONLEVELFORPFCMIXDESIGNSHOULDBEBASEDONTHEDESIGNTRAFFICLEVEL,ANDTHEGRADATIONSELECTED2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSEPOROUSASPHALTMARSHALLCOMPACTIONAIRVOIDSVOIDSINCOARSEAGGREGATEPERMEABILITYMOISTURESUSCEPTIBILITYABRASIONLOSS1INTRODUCTIONPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSESPFCSARETYPICALOPENGRADEDASPHALTICMIXES,COMPOSEDOFRELATIVELYUNIFORMLYGRADEDAGGREGATEANDASPHALTCEMENTORMODIFIEDBINDERS,ANDAREMAINLYUSEDTOSERVEASDRAINAGELAYERS,EITHERATTHEPAVEMENTSURFACEORWITHINTHEPAVEMENTSTRUCTURE1PAVEMENTSSURFACEDWITHOPENGRADEDASPHALTICMIXESWEREFOUNDTOIMPROVEWETWEATHERSKIDRESISTANCE,MINIMIZEHYDROPLANING,REDUCESPLASHANDSPRAY,IMPROVENIGHTVISIBILITYDURINGWETWEATHERCONDITIONS,ANDREDUCETRAFFICTYRENOISE2,3INCOUNTRIESLIKETHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA,JAPAN,THEUNITEDKINGDOM,MALAYSIA,AUSTRALIA,NEWZEALAND,ANDSOUTHAFRICA,OPENGRADEDMIXESAREINUSEASSURFACELAYERSOVERHIGHSPEEDANDHEAVILYTRAFFICKEDHIGHWAYPAVEMENTS2–8THESEAREALSORECOMMENDEDFORSURFACINGRUNWAYPAVEMENTS910MANYAGENCIESAROUNDTHEWORLDUSEDIFFERENTTERMINOLOGIESFOROPENGRADEDMIXES,ANDSPECIFICATIONSTHATARESLIGHTLYDIFFERENTTHEVARIOUSTERMINOLOGIESUSEDINCLUDEOPENGRADEDASPHALTOGA,POROUSASPHALTPA,OPENGRADEDFRICTIONCOURSEOGFC,ANDPOROUSFRICTIONCOURSEPFC11BACKGROUNDTHEHIGHAIRVOIDSCONTENTINPFCSCONTRIBUTETOWARDSPAVEMENTSURFACESTRAIGHTRUNBITUMENANDCRUSHEDSTONEAGGREGATESARETHEMAJORCONSTITUENTSOFPFCMIXESTHESTRAIGHTRUNPAVINGGRADEBITUMENUSEDINTHEPRESENTINVESTIGATIONWASSUPPLIEDBYMANGALOREREFINERYANDPETROCHEMICALSLIMITEDMRPL,MANGALORECRUSHEDGRANITESTONEAGGREGATESOBTAINEDFROMLOCALSTONECRUSHINGPLANTSWEREUSEDINTHISSTUDYTABLE2SHOWSSOMEOFTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFBITUMENANDAGGREGATESTESTEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFTHEASTMD94627ANDASTMD706415,RESPECTIVELYORDINARYPORTLANDCEMENTOPCWASUSEDASAPARTOFTHEMINERALFILLER,CONSTITUTING2BYMASSOFTOTALAGGREGATESWEIGHING1000GTHEPROCEDUREADOPTEDFORPREPARATIONOFTHEPFCSPECIMENSWASQUITETHESAMEASTHATADOPTEDFORDENSEGRADEDASPHALT,ASSUGGESTEDINASPHALTINSTITUTEMANUALSERIES228THEPROPERTIESOFCOMPACTEDMIXESINVESTIGATEDINCLUDEBULKSPECIFICGRAVITYGMB,AIRVOIDSCONTENTVA,STONEONSTONECONTACTCONDITION,PERMEABILITYK,MOISTURESUSCEPTIBILITY,ANDUNAGEDABRASIONLOSSTHESEPROPERTIESWEREEVALUATEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEGUIDELINESOFTHEASTMD706415TABLE3PROVIDESDETAILSONTHETESTSPERFORMEDFORVARIOUSEXPERIMENTALMIXESTHREEOBSERVATIONSWEREMADEONEACHEXPERIMENTALMIX3CHARACTERIZATIONOFPFCMIXES31BULKSPECIFICGRAVITYOFCOMPACTEDMIXTHETESTSFORBULKSPECIFICGRAVITYOFCOMPACTEDMIXESGMBWEREPERFORMEDON24MIXESASDESCRIBEDINTABLE3,WITHTHREEREPLICATESFOREACHMIXTHEGMBOFEACHCOMPACTEDMIXWASDETERMINEDUSINGTHEGEOMETRICMEASUREMENTSOFDIAMETER,HEIGHT,ANDTHEMASSOFTHESPECIMENINAIR,INACCORDANCEWITHASTMD706415THEINDIVIDUALANDMEANGMBVALUESWEREFOUNDTOBEINTHERANGEOF1935–2249,AND1984–2226,RESPECTIVELY,ASSHOWNINFIG2ITISEVIDENTTHATANINCREASEINTHECOMPACTIONEFFORTWILLLEADTODENSIFICATIONOFTHEMIX,RESULTINGINHIGHERDENSITIESFURTHER,ITISEVIDENTFROMTHE95CONFIDENCEINTERVALSTHATTHEREISNOSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMEANGMBVALUESAMONGTHEMIXESWITHBINDERCONTENTSOF45AND50WHENCOMPARED,FORAPARTICULARGRADATIONANDCOMPACTIONLEVELTHEMIXESWITHGRADATIONSG1ANDG4EXHIBITEDHIGHERANDLOWERGMBVALUES,RESPECTIVELY,ESPECIALLYSINCEG4COMPRISEDOFCOARSERAGGREGATESTHEMEANGMBVALUESFORTHEMIXESWITHGRADATIONSG2ANDG3AREAPPROXIMATELYTHESAME,ASTHEMINORDIFFERENCESINGRADATIONSHAVENOTAFFECTEDTHEGMBVALUESSIGNIFICANTLY32AIRVOIDSTHEAIRVOIDSVACONTENTINACOMPACTEDMIXISRELATEDTOTHEGMBANDTHETHEORETICALMAXIMUMDENSITYGMMOFTHEUNCOMPACTEDMIX,DETERMINEDINACCORDANCEWITHTHEASTMD204130THEINCREASEINTHECOMPACTIONEFFORTRESULTSINHIGHERGMB,RESULTINGINADECREASEINVAFIG3SHOWSTHEINDIVIDUALPLOTOFVAFOREACHMIXITALSOINDICATESTHEMEANVAOFTHEINDIVIDUALMIXESTESTED,ANDTHE95CONFIDENCEINTERVALFORTHEMEANTHELINECONNECTINGTHEMEANVASHOWSTHETRENDINVARIATIONSOFTHEVAWITHTHECOMPACTIONEFFORTTHEINDIVIDUALANDMEANVAVALUESWEREFOUNDTOBEINTHERANGEOF10–22,AND10–20,RESPECTIVELYASPERTHESTANDARDREQUIREMENTSOFASTMD706415,PFCMIXESSHOULDHAVEAMINIMUMVAOF18THEMEANVACORRESPONDING

簡介：中文中文3090字出處出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFROCKMECHANICSANDMININGSCIENCES,1997,342289297THERELATIONBETWEENINSITUANDLABORATORYROCKPROPERTIESUSEDINNUMERICALMODELLINGMOHAMMADN,REDDISHDJ,STACELRINTRODUCTIONNUMERICALMODELSAREBEINGUSEDINCREASINGLYFORROCKMECHANICSDESIGNASCHEAPERANDMOREEFFICIENTSOFTWAREANDHARDWAREBECOMEAVAILABLEHOWEVER,ACRUCIALSTEPINMODELLINGISTHEDETERMINATIONOFROCKMASSMECHANICALPROPERTIES,MOREPRECISELYROCKSTIFFNESSANDSTRENGTHPROPERTIESTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHERESULTSOFAREVIEWOFNUMERICALMODELLINGSTIFFNESSANDSTRENGTHPROPERTIESUSEDTOSIMULATEROCKMASSESPAPERSWHERELABORATORYANDMODELLINGPROPERTIESAREGIVENHAVEBEENSELECTEDFROMTHEMASSOFMOREGENERALMODELLINGLITERATUREMORESPECIFICALLYPAPERSTHATHAVEREDUCEDSTIFFNESSAND/ORSTRENGTHPARAMETERSFROMLABORATORYTOFIELDVALUESHAVEBEENTARGETEDTHERESULTOFTHESEARCHHASBEENSURPRISINGOFTHETHOUSANDSOFPAPERSONNUMERICALMODELLING,AFEWHUNDREDMENTIONLABORATORYANDROCKMASSPROPERTIES,ANDOFTHOSE,ONLYSOME40APPEARTOAPPLYSOMEKINDOFREDUCTIONTHEPAPERSTHATAPPLYAREDUCTIONHAVEBEENUSEDTOPRODUCETHEGRAPHSTHATCONSTITUTETHEMAINCONTENTOFTHISPAPERROCKSTIFFNESSPROPERTIESHAVEBEENSEPARATEDFROMTHOSEOFSTRENGTHINTHEANALYSISANDTHISHASILLUSTRATEDINTERESTINGDIFFERENCESINTHEIRRESPECTIVEAVERAGEREDUCTIONFACTORSMETHODOLOGYTHEREVIEWCONDUCTEDHASSTUDIEDCASEHISTORIESANDBACKANALYSISEXAMPLESOFNUMERICALMODELLINGFORAWIDERANGEOFROCKSTRUCTURESEACHREVIEWEDPAPERHASBEENDATABASEDINTERMSOFLABORATORYMEASUREDROCKPROPERTIESANDNUMERICALMODELLINGROCKMASSINPUTPROPERTIESPLUSOTHERRELEVANTQUANTITATIVEDATA137THEVASTMAJORITYOFPAPERSHAVEPROVIDEDINCOMPLETEDATAEITHEROMITTINGKEYPARAMETERSORSYNTHESIZINGPARAMETERSSOMEPAPERSHAVEGIVENLABORATORYANDMASSPROPERTIES,ANDAFEWPAPERSHAVEEXPLAINEDTHEPROCESSBYWHICHLABORATORYPROPERTIESHAVEBEENADJUSTEDTOTHEROCKMASSBYUSEOFROCKMASSRATINGSONECANONLYCONCLUDETHATTHISISRELATEDTOTHEORIGINOFTHEMODELSORMODELLERS,BEINGFROMENVIRONMENTSWHEREMATERIALSLIKESTEELHAVENOSCALEEFFECTSTHEREWOULDBEFEWROCKMECHANICSSPECIALISTSWHOWOULDNOTACKNOWLEDGETHATEVENTHESTRONGESTROCKTYPESNEEDSOMEADJUSTMENTOFTHEIRROCKMASSPROPERTIESTHEGRAPHSANDDATAPROVIDEDINTHISPAPERHAVETHEREFORECONCENTRATEDONPAPERSWHEREREDUCTIONSHAVEBEENAPPLIEDALISTOFTHEMOSTVALIDANDRELEVANTNUMERICALPAPERSISINCLUDEDATTHEENDOFTHEPAPERRESULTSFIGURE1PRESENTSTHEYOUNGSMODULUSRESULTSFORLABORATORYTESTSPLOTTEDWITHTHOSEUSEDINTHEMODELEACHCASEISNUMBEREDAGAINSTITSSOURCETHEREISASIMPLETRENDINTHESEDATAANDIFASTRAIGHTLINEISFITTED,MODELSTIFFNESSISONAVERAGE0469OFTHELABORATORYSTIFFNESSFIG2THEDATACANALTERNATIVELYBEPLOTTEDASREDUCTIONFACTORSASINFIG3HEREATRENDOFINCREASEDREDUCTIONFACTORSFORLOWSTIFFNESSROCKTYPESBECOMESAPPARENTANUMBEROFVERYHIGHREDUCTIONFACTORSCANALSOBESEENFORVERYLOWSTIFFNESSROCKSFIGURE4SHOWSTHEUNIAXIALCOMPRESSIVE200000020000400006000080000100000120000400006000080000100000120000152714141362166221631163021212121142114321424243214276192732231621212130303329MODELEMPALABORATORYEMPA500010000150002000025000005000100001500020000LABORATORYEMPAMODELEMPA171791911271117261022222012171123232314142312151424241212121212518241419131411713102417182424712241319132525778102418117101917242217241717161110142217101013FIG1AYOUNGSMODULUSFROMCASEHISTORIESFORLABORATORYTESTSANDNUMERICALMODELLINGINPUTRANGE0120GPABYOUNGSMODULUSFROMCASTHISTORIESFORLABORATORYTESTSANDNUMERICALMODELLINGINPUTRANGE028GPA200000020000400006000080000100000120000400006000080000100000120000MODELEMPALABORATORYEMPAFIG2YOUNGSMODULUSFROMCASEHISTORIESFORLABORATORYTESTSANDNUMERICALMODELLINGINPUT0020000400006000080000100000120000REDUCTIONFACTORFORMODELEMPALABORATORYEMPA5101520253035404550Y51801E1E05XR200754

簡介：KBEBASEDSTAMPINGPROCESSPATHSGENERATEDFORAUTOMOBILEPANELSJINQIAOZHENGYILINWANGZHIGANGLIABSTRACTASAUTOMOBILEBODYPANELSAREONEKINDOFSHEETMETALPARTWITHGROUPSOFFREEFORMSURFACES,THEPROCESSPLANNINGISMORECOMPLICATEDTHANCOMMONSHEETMETALSTAMPINGTOIMPLODEEFFECTIVELYANDPRACTICALLYBASEDONKBE,NEWFRAMEWORKSHAVEBEENPRESENTEDASINTELLIGENTMASTERMODELATTHESYSTEMLEVELANDASPROCEDUREMODELATTHEACTIVITYLEVELINACCORDANCEWITHTHESEFRAMEWORKS,ANINTELLIGENTCAPPSYSTEMHASBEENSPECIFICALLYDEVELOPEDBASEDONFEATURETECHNOLOGY,FEATURESHAVEBEENEXTRACTEDANDREPRESENTEDBYTHEOBJECTORIENTEDMETHODSTAMPINGFEATURESANDTHEIRPARAMETERSHAVEBEENDEFINEDANDEXTRACTEDBASEDONFEATURETECHNOLOGYANDSTAMPINGPROCESSRULESTHEWHOLEPRODUCTKNOWLEDGEHASBEENREPRESENTEDBYFRAMESWHICHDIRECTLYMAPTOOBJECTSORFEATURESINTHEOBJECTORIENTEDSENSERELEVANTAPPROPRIATEOPERATIONSFEATURESHAVEBEENASSIGNEDTOSTAMPINGFEATURESOFAPRODUCTBASEDONFEATUREOPERATIONCRITERIA,PARAMETERSOFTHESTAMPINGFEATUREANDTHEIRCORRELATIVITYTHISASSIGNMENTISADECISIONMAKINGACTIVITYUSINGASETOFRULESWITHADECISIONMAKINGTREEANDMODELBASEDREASONINGMETHODSWITHKNOWLEDGEBETWEENOPERATIONS,SUCHASOPERATIONSORDERCONSTRAINTDOAFTERANDOPERATIONSCOMBINATIONCONSTRAINT,PROCESSPATHSHAVEBEENIMPROVEDBASEDONRELEVANTINTELLIGENTREASONINGMETHODSBASEDONTHERELATIONSHIPSPREFERREDTOBETWEENPROCESSESANDMACHINES/DIES,THESTRUCTUREOFDIEANDMACHINEFOREACHPROCESSCANBEIDENTIFIED,SINCETHEPROCESSROUTEHASBEENDETERMINEDINTHISSTAMPINGPROCESSPLANNING,THEPROCEDUREANDINFORMATIONHAVEBEENCONTROLLEDBYAPROCESSCONTROLSTRUCTURETHATISASSOCIATIVEANDINTEGRATED1INTRODUCTIONRECENTLY,RESEARCHONTHECOMPUTERAIDEDPROCESSPLANNINGCAPPSYSTEMFORSHEETMETALHASBEENWIDELYREPORTEDPARKETAL1CONSTRUCTEDANAUTOMATEDPROCESSPLANNINGSYSTEMFORAXSYMMETRICDEEPDRAWINGPRODUCTSTESSA2ANDKANGANDPARK3PRESENTEDAGROUPTECHNOLOGYANDMODULARITYTOCONSTRUCTACAPPSYSTEMFORPROCESSSEQUENCEDESIGNINANEXPERTSYSTEMFORNONAXSYMMETRICDEEPDRAWINGPRODUCTSWITHELLIPTICALSHAPEGAOETAL4DEVELOPEDANADVANCEDSOFTWARETOOLSETUSEDFORTHEAUTOMATIONOFSHEETMETALFABRICATIONPLANNINGFORAIRCRAFTCOMPONENTSZUSSMANANDHORSCH5PROPOSEDAMOTIONPLANNINGAPPROACHFORROBOTASSISTEDMULTIPLEBENTPARTSBASEDONCSPACEANDAPOTENTIALFIELDWANGANDBOURNE6PROPOSEDANAUTOMATICPROCESSPLANNINGSYSTEMWITHTHEFEATURESWELLINVESTIGATEDANDTHEPRODUCTIONPLANSRESEARCHEDWITHNEARMINIMUMMANUFACTURINGCOSTSDEVINETAL7,8DEVELOPEDASHEETMETALCAPPSYSTEMCALLEDPARTS,WHICHINTEGRATESCUTTING,NESTING,BENDINGANDWELDINGPROCESSESFORBENDINGSEQUENCESSTREPPELETAL9SHOWEDTHEAMBIGUITYOFCONVENTIONALTOLERANCESANDPRESENTEDAMETHODWHICHREPLACESCONVENTIONALTOLERANCESWITHGEOMETRICALTOLERANCESFORPROCESSPLANNINGINSMALLBATCHSHEETMETALPARTMANUFACTURINGAMORALETAL10PROPOSEDAMETHODWHICHGENERATEDFEASIBLEBENDINGSEQUENCESOFASHEETMETALPARTHANDLEDBYAROBOT,ANDDISCUSSEDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEBESTGRASPINGPOSITIONSANDREPOSITIONSAOMURAANDKOGUCHI11PROPOSEDAMETHODTOGENERATEBENDINGSEQUENCESOFASHEETMETALPARTHANDLEDBYAROBOTLIAOANDWANG12PROPOSEDANEVOLUTIONARYPATHPLANNINGAPPROACHFORROBOTASSISTEDHANDLINGMATCHINGOFVALIDCOMBINATIONSOFCOMPONENTS–ENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGE–THISENABLESMANUFACTURINGANDOTHERCONSIDERATIONSTOBEBUILTINTOTHEPRODUCTDESIGNWHENACANDIDATEAPPLICATIONAREAREQUIRESAHIGHDEGREEOFINTEGRATIONOFTHEABOVEELEMENTS,KBEISLIKELYTOBETHEBESTMETHODFORITSINTEGRATIONKBEISSOMETIMESTERMEDRULEBASEDENGINEERING,ASWITHINTHEDISCIPLINE,KNOWLEDGEISOFTENREPRESENTEDBYRULESTHESEMAYBEMATHEMATICALFORMULAEORCONDITIONALSTATEMENTS,ANDALTHOUGHSIMPLEINCONCEPT,THEYMAYTHENBECOMBINEDTOFORMCOMPLEXANDPOWERFULEXPRESSIONSKBESYSTEMS,ONTHEOTHERHAND,AREUSUALLYPROVIDEDWITHSPECIALIZEDGEOMETRICALCAPABILITIES,WITHTHEABILITYTOEMBEDENGINEERINGKNOWLEDGEWITHINAPRODUCTMODELTHEFOLLOWINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALKBEAPPLICATIONSDEMONSTRATESOMEOFTHECONSIDERABLEBENEFITSTOBEGAINEDFROMITSUSE1LOTUSENGINEERINGTHISUSEDTHEINTEGRATEDCARENGINEERICESYSTEMINTHEDESIGNOFTHELOTUSELISEICECONSISTSOFAVEHICLELAYOUTSYSTEM,ANDMODULESTOSUPPORTTHEDESIGNOFSUSPENSION,ENGINES,POWERTRAIN,WHEELENVELOPEANDWIPERS172THEBOEINGCOMMERCIALAIRPLANEGROUPTHISUSESKBEASATOOLTOCAPTUREAIRPLANEKNOWLEDGETOREDUCETHERESOURCESREQUIREDFORPRODUCINGADESIGN183JAGUARCARSTHECOMPANY’SKBEGROUPDEVISEDASYSTEMTHATREDUCEDTHETIMETAKENTODESIGNANINNERBONNETFROM8WEEKSTO20MIN1922PROBLEMTOSOLVEINACAPPSYSTEMBASEDONKBEASTAMPINGCAPPSYSTEMSHOULDDEALWITHALLKNOWLEDGEINCLUDINGGEOMETRY,NONGEOMETRY,ENGINEERSEXPERIENCE,RULESANDCRITERIA,RESULTSOFTESTSANDNUMERICALSIMULATION,OREVENSUCCESSFULCASES,BECAUSEOFTHECOMPLEXITYOFAUTOMOBILEBODYPANELSTHEKNOWLEDGEISINVOLVEDINDIVERSEFIELDS,SUCHASMETALFORMINGTECHNOLOGY,METALFORMINGMECHANICS,MODERNDESIGNMETHODOLOGY,NUMERICALSIMULATIONTECHNOLOGY,ANDARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCEACCORDINGLY,THECAPPSYSTEMHASTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMSWITHEXPRESSIONANDAPPLICATIONOFALLKNOWLEDGE,ANDINTEGRATIONOFALLMULTIDISCIPLINARYDESIGNACAPPSYSTEMISESSENTIALLYASETOFINSTRUCTIONSANDGUIDELINESONHOWTOPERFORMACOMPLEXPROCEDUREITDETAILSTHEINDIVIDUALSUBTASKS,HOWTHEYSHOULDBECARRIEDOUT,INWHATORDER,ANDHOWTHEWORKSHOULDBEDOCUMENTEDFURTHERMORE,ASSYSTEMREQUIREMENTSCHANGE,NEWSOLUTIONSTENDTOEVOLVEFROMEXISTINGONES,SOCOMPUTERAPPLICATIONSANDTHEIRDESCENDANTSCANOUTLIVETHEPERSONNELINVOLVEDINTHEIRINITIALDEVE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簡介：中文中文3520字出處出處WANGH,HUAWZNOTICEOFRETRACTIONBASEDONSLUICEMOVEMENTTURBULENTMOTIONWATERBODYTOORGANICMATTERDEGENERATIONEXPERIMENTANDRESEARCHC//INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONBIOINFORMATICSBIOMEDICALENGINEERINGIEEE,201114基于水閘中湍流運動與水體有機(jī)質(zhì)退化的實驗和研究基于水閘中湍流運動與水體有機(jī)質(zhì)退化的實驗和研究王海云，王振華（三峽大學(xué)液壓及環(huán)境工程學(xué)院，中國宜昌）本文摘要研究水閘中湍流運動對有機(jī)化合物降解的影響。對葛洲壩船閘仿真試驗和現(xiàn)場監(jiān)測的驗證結(jié)果表明,該船閘在不同操作條件下所產(chǎn)生湍流度和能量顯著不同，水的再氧化速度與有機(jī)質(zhì)降解速率不同，生化需氧濃度明顯改變，湍流使得水文流場更加復(fù)雜化，河水的力學(xué)性能從層流的流動轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橥牧?逆流,或混流,表現(xiàn)出典型的非線性的特點。湍流動能K和降解率K1的關(guān)系符合“一階反應(yīng)”理論,建立了一個關(guān)系式,采用以SPSS110數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計計算軟件的非線性擬合得到湍流動能K和降解率K1很好的相關(guān)性，R209961,真實的反映了水閘中湍流運動對有機(jī)物質(zhì)降解的影響。關(guān)鍵詞紊流，有機(jī)質(zhì)的降解，葛洲壩船閘,檢測一簡介船閘對于水的輸送與水利設(shè)施的分布來說是一個重要的操作系統(tǒng)，水流條件和水力特性在閘室內(nèi)非常復(fù)雜,水環(huán)境中水的自凈能力受各種因素的影響，而且這些都是造成環(huán)境安全問題的敏感因素。許多國內(nèi)外人士對船閘內(nèi)水的環(huán)境質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了研究，研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在船閘區(qū)域水的污染非常嚴(yán)重，水利設(shè)施所在區(qū)往往是水質(zhì)下降和水環(huán)境污染的高危區(qū)。因此，船閘中紊流水體的有機(jī)質(zhì)降解問題受到了人們的廣泛關(guān)注，但是，就我們所看到的來說，研究還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。輸水系統(tǒng)是船閘的重要組成部分,它的主要作用是在最短的時間內(nèi)完成供水、排水,從而使水位上升和下降相一致。因為輸水系統(tǒng)的水流流速大，水頭高，所以船閘區(qū)域的水文條件與天然河流的水文條件完全不同。大多數(shù)水質(zhì)污染過程不是有序、穩(wěn)定、均衡或肯定的,但在一個混亂,不穩(wěn)定、非均衡和隨機(jī)湍流狀態(tài)中，存在動蕩非線性關(guān)系。在本文中葛洲壩船閘,通過湍流控制水中有機(jī)質(zhì)降解的實驗,并利用現(xiàn)場監(jiān)測技術(shù),獲得大量的第一手資料,以驗證了該系統(tǒng)的實驗結(jié)果。二研究領(lǐng)域概述1葛洲壩船閘葛洲壩是長江建成的第一個大型的水利項目，位于峽口處，根據(jù)其項目安排，其左岸河道與黃柏河交匯于長江中下游地區(qū)，那里分布著二號和三號船閘。2輸水系統(tǒng)2號船閘輸水系統(tǒng)進(jìn)口段使用的是規(guī)格為60米45米70米（長寬高）的蓄水池的水。由底部垂直和水平分布的過道（寬5米，高7米）支持。閘室通道縱深4米橫向6米，灌裝、排空最大容量為287000立方米。3號船閘輸水系統(tǒng)底部輸水使用分散式消能，兩輸水廊道，兩個主要部分為3米4米通道，位于閘首處，輸水廊道內(nèi)尺寸4米2米。三實驗儀器、設(shè)備模擬了在葛洲壩船閘中湍流運動作用下有機(jī)物的降解特點。湍流運動，模擬實驗的裝置為一玻璃特制的水槽，其規(guī)格為長8米,寬05米,高06米,底坡1,且水槽內(nèi)實驗環(huán)境跟現(xiàn)實環(huán)境類似。實驗中將水流流速縮減為實際水流流速的1使之流入水槽和兩個截面，水流入口截面1代表長江中下游地區(qū)，入口截面2代表黃柏河，出口截面為閘室，如圖1所示。以水流流向為X坐標(biāo)軸，沿槽寬度方向為Y坐表1實驗?zāi)M條件、參數(shù)的總結(jié)編號實驗?zāi)M條件流量（1/S）水流狀況流入段數(shù)段長度（CM）主流流向正方向與X軸夾角1水閘關(guān)閉，2，3號閘關(guān)閉65環(huán)流27反902水閘打開15倍，2號閘關(guān)閉，3號閘打開102環(huán)流28正753水閘打開3倍，關(guān)閉3號閘，打開2號閘82環(huán)流28正754水閘打開，打開2，3號閘65環(huán)流28正90表2四種工作條件下的葡萄糖降解情況（BOD5濃度）單位毫克/升條件1條件2時間（MIN）1號點2號點3號點4號點1號點2號點3號點4號點3073573073573572871072073060704705715720652640696680906806616726846075936536341206556076156255345046065721805335265275494784525815532404954844624802211944643613001921811422006260187162降解率701716761652931937692771條件3條件4時間（MIN）1號點2號點3號點4號點1號點2號點3號點4號點3073073073273573073073273560683665703680670663684680906376036576476056016125811205525375615745315525384951804884494745124533974544032402742513042802542292842443007370172185706715887降解率8949037717199039217778972水位變化根據(jù)表1中船閘三種不同的操作條件,進(jìn)行了水位動態(tài)實驗,從4號測量點得到了水位變化數(shù)據(jù),顯示在圖2、3、4、顯示水位變化明顯受條件影響,最大的變化,介于248厘米,367厘米,出現(xiàn)在A截面,毗鄰截面。圖5顯示，在90分鐘至120分鐘之間，受條件影響，各截面水位先是上漲然后下降。

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（本科畢業(yè)論文）外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目VIBRATIONSUPPRESSIONOFFIXEDTIMEJIBCRANEMANEUVERS文獻(xiàn)、資料來源網(wǎng)絡(luò)文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期201011院（部）機(jī)電工程學(xué)院專業(yè)機(jī)械工程及自動化班級機(jī)械0808姓名秦梅學(xué)號2008072135指導(dǎo)教師周海濤翻譯日期2012326山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（或畢業(yè)論文，二選一）外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文2TROLLEYTRANSLATIONANDLOADLINELENGTHCHANGETHECOUPLED,NONLINEAREQUATIONSOFMOTIONANDADJOINTEQUATIONS,OBTAINEDFROMTHEAPPLICATIONOFPONTRYAGINSMAXIMUMPRINCIPLE,ARESOLVEDANALYTICALLYFORTHECASESOFCONSTANTANDVARIABLEHOISTINGSPEEDSINBOTHCASESTHEMANEUVERSAREDEVELOPEDSUCHTHATTHEPAYLOADISRESIDUALOSCILLATIONFREEMOUSTAFAANDEBEIDDEMONSTRATEASTATEFEEDBACKCONTROLLERFORDAMPINGLOADSWAYFORAGANTRYCRANECONFIGUREDTOMOVEALONGTWOORTHOGONALDIRECTIONSINTHEHORIZONTALPLANETHISWORKISEXPANDEDONBYEBEIDETALTOINCORPORATEACTUATORDYNAMICSINTOTHECRANEMODELFLIESSETALINVESTIGATEAFEEDBACKLINEARIZINGCONTROLLERFORAONEDIMENSIONALGANTRYCRANETROLLEYTRAVERSALANDLOADLINELENGTHCHANGESARECONSIDEREDSIMULATIONRESULTSINDICATETHEABILITYOFTHECLOSEDLOOPCONTROLLERTOCONTROLLOADSWAYFORRELATIVELYSLOWMANEUVERSTHISSAMESYSTEMISEXAMINEDBYNGUYENWHERESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFANONLINEARST2TEFEEDBACKCONTROLLERISUSEDSMALLMOTIONSAREASSUMEDABOUTASPECIFIEDOPERATINGPOINTTHISALLOWSFORDECOUPLEDEQUATIONSOFMOTIONANDDECOUPLEDCONTROLLERDESIGNSAKAWAANDNAKAZUMIINVESTIGATEAROTARYCRANEUNDERGOINGHUBANDBOOMROTATIONANDLOADHOISTINGUSINGACOMBINEDOPENANDCLOSEDLOOPAPPROACHTHEOPENLOOPINPUTTOTHECRANEISDESIGNEDBASEDONAPOSTULATEDSETOFFUNCTIONSSUCHTHATTHESWAYMOTIONOFTHELOADISEXCITEDMINIMALLYTHECLOSEDLOOPCONTROLLERISTHENSWITCHEDONWHENTHEMANEUVERISNEARTHEEND,PROVIDINGSIGNIFICANTSWAYDAMPINGVAHAETALGENERATESUBOPTIMAL,MINIMUMTIMEINPUTSFORAROTARYCRANETRACKINGISACHIEVEDVIAASTATEFEEDBACKCONTROLLAWHOWEVER,RADIALSWAY,DUETOCENTRIPETALACCELERATIONOFTHEPAYLOAD,ISNOTCOMPENSATEDSOUISSIANDKOIVOCONSIDERAROTARYCRANEUNDERGOINGABOOMROTATIONBOOMMANEUVERUSINGAPROPORTIONALINTEGRALDERIVATIVECONTROLLERSIMILARTOFLIESSET。AL4THESIMULATIONMODELCONSIDERSBOTHRADIALANDTANGENTIALPAYLOADSWAY,HOWEVER,THECONTROLSTRATEGYUSEDRESULTSINRESIDUALLOADOSCILLATIONINTHISPAPERAPROCEDUREFORGENERATINGOPENLOOPINPUTSFORAROTARYJIBCRANEISINTRODUCEDTHEPRIMARYMANEUVEROFINTERESTISTHERESIDUALOSCILLATION,POINTTOPOINTMOVEMENTOFAPAYLOADTHEINPUTANGULARACCELERATIONTOTHEJIBMOTORISPOSTULATEDASHAVINGAPULSECOASTPULSEFORMANUMERICALOPTIMIZATIONTECHNIQUEISUSEDTOGENERATETHEPARAMETERSWHICHDEFINETHISPULSESEQUENCESUCHTHATTHEMANEUVERISRESIDUALOSCILLATIONFREEOFSECONDARYINTERESTAREMANEUVERSWHERETHEPAYLOADOSCILLATESINASPECIFIEDMANNERATTHEENDOFTHEMANEUVERAGAIN,

簡介：譯文二1基于模糊邏輯技術(shù)圖像上邊緣檢測基于模糊邏輯技術(shù)圖像上邊緣檢測2摘要摘要模糊技術(shù)是經(jīng)營者為了模擬在數(shù)學(xué)水平的代償行為過程的決策或主觀評價而引入的。下面介紹經(jīng)營商已經(jīng)完成了的計算機(jī)視覺應(yīng)用。本文提出了一種基于模糊邏輯推理戰(zhàn)略為基礎(chǔ)的新方法，它被建議使用在沒有確定閾值的數(shù)字圖像邊緣檢測上。這種方法首先將用33的浮點二進(jìn)制矩陣將圖像分割成幾個區(qū)域。邊緣像素被?映射到一個屬性值與彼此不同的范圍。該方法的魯棒性所得到的不同拍攝圖像將與線性SOBEL運算所得到的圖像相比較。并且該方法給出了直線的線條平滑度、平直度和弧形線條的良好弧度這些永久的效果。同時角位可以更清晰并且可以更容易的定義。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞模糊邏輯，邊緣檢測，圖像處理，電腦視覺，機(jī)械的部位，測量1引言引言在過去的幾十年里，對計算機(jī)視覺系統(tǒng)的興趣，研究和發(fā)展已經(jīng)增長了不少。如今，它們出現(xiàn)在各個生活領(lǐng)域，從停車場，街道和商場各角落的監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)到主要食品生產(chǎn)的分類和質(zhì)量控制系統(tǒng)。因此，引進(jìn)自動化的視覺檢測和測量系統(tǒng)是有必要的，特別是二維機(jī)械對象1,8。部分原因是由于那些每天產(chǎn)生的數(shù)字圖像大幅度的增加比如，從X光片到衛(wèi)星影像，并且對于這樣圖片的自動處理有增加的需求9,10,11。因此，現(xiàn)在的許多應(yīng)用例如對醫(yī)學(xué)圖像進(jìn)行計算機(jī)輔助診斷，將遙感圖像分割和分類成土地類別比如，對麥田，非法大麻種植園的鑒定，以及對作物生長的估計判斷，光學(xué)字符識別，閉環(huán)控制，基于目錄檢索的多媒體應(yīng)用，電影產(chǎn)業(yè)上的圖像處理，汽車車牌的詳細(xì)記錄的鑒定，以及許多工業(yè)檢測任務(wù)比如，紡織品，鋼材，平板玻璃等的缺陷檢測。歷史上的許多數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)被生成圖像，以幫助人們分析相比較于數(shù)字表之類的，圖像顯然容易理解多了12。所以這鼓勵了數(shù)字分析技術(shù)在數(shù)據(jù)處理方面的使用。此外，由于人類善于理解圖像，基于圖像的分析法在算法發(fā)展上提供了一些幫助比如，它鼓勵幾何分析，并且也有助于非正式確認(rèn)的結(jié)1ABDALLAHAALSHENNAWY,AYMANAALYEDGEDETECTIONINDIGITALIMAGESUSINGFUZZYLOGICTECHNIQUEWORLDACADEMYOFSCIENCE,ENGINEERINGANDTECHNOLOGY,2009,51178186??J輸入圖像模糊圖像模糊推理系統(tǒng)圖像去模糊結(jié)果圖像專家知識庫模糊邏輯模糊集理論圖二模糊圖像處理的一般結(jié)構(gòu)最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)可以使用神經(jīng)模糊功能開發(fā)邊緣檢測，在一個相對較小的原型邊緣設(shè)置上訓(xùn)練之后，再用古典邊緣檢測在樣品圖像中進(jìn)行分類。這項工作是BEZDEK等人開創(chuàng)的，他們訓(xùn)練一個神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)去像正規(guī)的SOBEL算子一樣給出相同的模糊的結(jié)果。然而，通過筆者和合作者的工作已表明訓(xùn)練神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)去分類脆值是個更有效的BEZDEK計劃變體。神經(jīng)模糊邊緣檢測的優(yōu)勢甚至超過傳統(tǒng)的邊緣檢測。在27,28系統(tǒng)中的描述，模糊推理系統(tǒng)的輸入是通過向原始圖像申請高通濾波器，SOBEL算子和低通濾波器而獲得的。然后整個結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成對比增強(qiáng)濾波器起作用，另一個問題是，轉(zhuǎn)換成輸入類里指定數(shù)量的部分圖像。為數(shù)字圖像上的邊緣檢測，一種新型的基于模糊邏輯推理策略的FIS方法已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好了，而不是確定閥值或需要訓(xùn)練算法。這種提出的方法通過將圖像分割成浮動33的二進(jìn)制區(qū)域開始。一個直接的模糊推理系統(tǒng)測繪一個從浮動矩陣上得到不同值的范圍來檢測邊緣。A模糊圖像處理模糊圖像處理是所有方法的集合，包括理解，描繪或處理作為模糊集的段或特征的圖像。描繪或處理取決于選定的模糊技術(shù)或需要解決的問題。模糊圖像處理有三個主要階段圖像模糊化，隸屬度值的修改，以及必要是的圖像去模糊化，如圖2所示。模糊化和去模糊化的步驟歸咎于我們不具備硬件模糊。因此，圖像數(shù)據(jù)的編碼模糊和對結(jié)果的解碼去模糊化使通過模糊技術(shù)處理圖像變?yōu)榭赡?。模糊圖像處理的主要力量是中間步驟隸屬度值的修改。當(dāng)圖像數(shù)據(jù)從灰度平面轉(zhuǎn)換成隸屬度平面模糊，通過模糊技術(shù)修改隸屬度。這可以是一個模糊聚類，一個基于規(guī)則的模糊方法，模糊積分方法等29。

簡介：外文資料翻譯英文原文1CURRENTDEVELOPMENTSINACCOUNTINGANDTHEDYNAMICSOFECONOMICCALCULATIONTHOMASCTAYLORBACKGROUNDTHEROLEOFACCOUNTINGASARTICULATEDINAUSTRIANECONOMICTHEORYISSECURELYFASTENEDTOTHETASKOFECONOMICCALCULATIONLUDWIGVONMISESDISTINGUISHESBETWEENPROSPECTIVEORANTICIPATIVECALCULATIONINVOLVINGTHE“PRECALCULATIONOFEXPECTEDCOSTSANDEXPECTEDPROCEEDS“RELATINGTOAPLANNEDCOURSEOFACTIONANDRETROSPECTIVECALCULATIONTHATESTABLISHESTHERESULTSOFPASTACTION,THE“ACCOUNTINGOFPROFITORLOSS“ANDHISDEVASTATINGARGUMENTTHATTHEINABILITYOFTHESOCIALISTPLANNERSTOCALCULATETHECOSTSOFALTERNATIVECOURSESOFACTIONRENDERSSOCIALISMIMPOSSIBLEANDESTABLISHESTHECRITICALROLEOFCOSTACCOUNTINGINBUSINESSDECISIONSUNDERCAPITALISMONEOFTHELONGSTANDINGDIFFICULTIESINCOSTACCOUNTINGHASBEENTHEALLOCATIONOF“INDIRECTCOSTS“TOVARIOUSOBJECTSSUCHASPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,DIVISIONS,ETCFOREXAMPLE,TRADITIONALCOSTACCOUNTINGHASLONGDEPENDEDONPREDETERMINEDOVERHEADRATESINORDERTOAPPLYTHEINDIRECTCOSTOFMANUFACURINGTODIFFERENTPRODUCTSBYMEANSOFSOMEBASESUCHASDIRECTLABORCOSTORDIRECTLABORHOURSMISESWASWELLAWAREOFTHEPROBLEMOFASSIGNINGINDIRECTCOSTSFORPURPOSESOFDEPARTMENTALPROFITABILITYANALYSISTHEELABORATEMETHODSOFMODERNBOOKKEEPING,ACCOUNTANCY,ANDBUSINESSSTATISTICSPROVIDETHEENTERPRISERWITHAFAITHFULIMAGEOFALLHISOPERATIONSHEISINAPOSITIONTOLEARNHOWSUCCESSFULORUNSUCCESSFULEVERYONEOFHISTRANSACTIONSWASWITHTHEAIDOFTHESESTATEMENTSHECANCHECKTHEACTIVITIESOFALLDEPARTMENTSOFHISCONCERNNOMATTERHOWLARGEITMAYBETHEREIS,TOBESURE,SOMEAMOUNTOFDISCRETIONINDETERMININGTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFOVERHEADCOSTSBUTAPARTFROMTHIS,THEFIGURESPROVIDEAFAITHFULREFLECTIONOFALLTHATISGOINGONINEVERYBRANCHORDEPARTMENTTHEREMAINDEROFTHISARTICLEWILLDISCUSSMOREFULLYTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONASWIDELYPRACTICEDTODAY,ANDEXPLAINHOWSOMELEADINGCOMPANIESAREIMPLEMENTINGFUNDAMENTALLYNEWAPPROACHESTOCOSTASSIGNMENTANDHOWTHESEAPPROACHESCREATEMOREEFFECTIVETOOLSFORENTREPRENEURIALDECISIONSTHEPROBLEMOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONTHEASSIGNMENTOFINDIRECTCOSTSTOPRODUCTS,DEPARTMENTS,ANDOTHERCOSTOBJECTSHASBEENALONGSTANDINGPROBLEMINCOSTACCOUNTINGINDIRECTCOSTSAREDISTINGUISHED外文資料翻譯英文原文3ACTIVITIESTHATCONSUMETHERESOURCESBYDETERMININGTHECOSTSOFDIFFERENTACTIVITIESASAFIRSTSTAGEINTHECOSTINGPROCESS,OBJECTSCANULTIMATELYBEASSIGNEDCOSTSACCORDINGTOTHEIRDEMANDSFORACTIVITIESSEPARATEPREDETERMINEDACTIVITYRATESARETHUSUSEDRATHERTHANTHEAMORPHOUSOVERHEADRATESOFTRADITIONALCOSTALLOCATIONABCISFUNDAMENTALLYDIFFERENTFROMTRADITIONALCOSTINGBECAUSEITINSISTSUPONEXPLICITCAUSEANDEFFECTCONNECTIONSBETWEENTHEVARIOUSACTIVITIESANDCOSTSORCONSUMPTIONOFRESOURCESASAFIRSTSTAGEASSIGNINGCOSTSTOOBJECTSFOLLOWSINASECONDSTAGEINVOLVINGTHELINKAGEOFOBJECTSTOACTIVITIESTHROUGHTHEUSEOFACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERSANACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERIS“AQUANTITATIVEMEASUREOFTHEOUTPUTOFANACTIVITY“KAPLANANDCOOPER1998,P95TOILLUSTRATE,CONSIDERTHEACTIVITYOFSETTINGUPAMACHINETOPROCESSDIFFERENTBATCHESOFMATERIALSTHEACTIVITYCOSTDRIVERWOULDBESETUPSORSETUPHOURSASSUMETHATTOTALSETUPCOSTIS44,800FORASPECIFICPERIODOFPRODUCTIONIFTHEPROJECTEDTOTALNUMBEROFSETUPSIS70,THENANACTIVITYRATEOF640PERSETUPWOULDBEUSEDTOCOSTDIFFERENTPRODUCTSDEPENDINGONTHENUMBEROFSETUPSREQUIREDOBVIOUSLY,PRODUCTSMANUFACTUREDINSMALLLOTSIZESWILLBEASSIGNEDDISPROPORTIONATELYMOREOFTHESETUPCOSTTHANTHOSEPRODUCEDINLARGERUNSTOILLUSTRATEFURTHER,ASSUMETHAT1,000UNITSOFPRODUCTAAREPRODUCEDEACHPERIODREQUIRING30SETUPSTOACCOMMODATETHESMALLINDIVIDUALORDERSOFCUSTOMERSALSO,PRODUCTBISALARGEVOLUMEITEMINVOLVINGTHEPRODUCTIONANDSALEOF20,000UNITSANDONLY40SETUPSEACHPERIODAPPLYINGTHESETUPRATEOF640PERSETUP,PRODUCTAWOULDBEASSIGNED19,200ANDPRODUCTB25,600FORATOTALSETUPCOSTASSIGNEDOF44,800ABCNONETHELESSHASTODEALWITHTHEFACTTHATMOSTCOSTSOFBUSINESSOPERATIONSTODAYAREFIXEDINMANUFACTURING,OFTENTHEONLYPURELYVARIABLECOSTSRELATETODIRECTMATERIALSANDTOUTILITIESSUCHASELECTRICITYTHEISSUEISNOTUNIQUETOABC,FOREVENTRADITIONALOVERHEADALLOCATIONCANNOTAVOIDTHENECESSITYOFAPPLYINGFIXEDOVERHEADCOSTSTOPRODUCTSTHESOLUTIONREVOLVESAROUNDTHEDETERMINATIONOFTHEAMOUNTOFCAPACITYASCRIBEDTOTHERESOURCESASSIGNEDTOEACHACTIVITYTOILLUSTRATE,ASSUMEENGINEERINGRESOURCESCOST280,000EACHPERIODANDHAVETHECAPACITYTOPRODUCE4,000ENGINEERINGCHANGEORDERSTHEACTIVITYDRIVEREACHPERIODTHEACTIVITYRATEOF70PERCHANGEORDERWOULDBEUSEDTOCHARGEDIFFERENTPRODUCTSLINESFORUSINGTHISENGINEERINGSERVICEIFDURINGTHEPERIODONLY3,800CHANGEORDERSWEREGENERATED,AFIVEPERCENTREDUCTIONINACTIVITYLEVELS,THEN14,000OFENGINEERINGCOSTSWOULDNOTBEASSIGNEDTOPRODUCTSBUTWOULDBEREPORTEDASANUNFAVORABLEVOLUMEVARIANCEANDWRITTENOFFTO

簡介：外文翻譯外文翻譯基于數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的服裝銷售預(yù)測基于數(shù)據(jù)挖掘的服裝銷售預(yù)測原文出處1CELIAFRANK,BALAJIVEMULAPALLI,LESMSZTANDERA,AMARRAHEJAFORECASTINGWOMEN’SAPPARELSALESUSINGMATHEMATICALMODELINGJNATIONALTEXTILECENTERANNUALREPORT,2003,111102SEBASTIENTHOMASSEY,MICHELHAPPIETTE,JEANMARIECASTELAINASHORTANDMEANTERMAUTOMATICFORECASTINGSYSTEMAPPLICATIONTOTEXTILELOGISTICSJEUROPEANJOURNALOFOPERATIONALRESEARCH,2005,161275284譯文1基于數(shù)學(xué)建模的女性服裝銷售預(yù)測目標(biāo)這項工作的目的是為了演示在服裝銷售預(yù)測中，類似人造的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和模糊邏輯模型的一些簡單計算方法。1、摘要銷售預(yù)測是服裝供應(yīng)鏈鎖管理中的主要部分，并且對于收益性來說非常重要。服裝管理者需要一個精細(xì)的預(yù)測工具，像尺寸、價格、顏色、氣候數(shù)據(jù)、價格變動、營銷策略等外因和時間這樣的內(nèi)因都必須被考慮進(jìn)去。盡管用一貫的氣象學(xué)統(tǒng)計預(yù)報工具來建立模型是很常見的，但是它們本質(zhì)上反應(yīng)出來的僅僅只是歷史數(shù)據(jù)和一個線性趨勢。非常規(guī)的人工智能工具例如模糊邏輯和人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可以有效地將銷售模型的外因和內(nèi)因考慮進(jìn)去，并且允許從任意非線性近似函數(shù)得出直接的推導(dǎo)。在這個研究中，預(yù)測模型是建立在單變量分析和多變量分析的基礎(chǔ)上的。建立在多元模糊邏輯分析學(xué)上的模型比那些建立在其他基礎(chǔ)上的模型要好得多。模型的效力是通過比較擬合優(yōu)度統(tǒng)計資料、R2中的一個來測試的，也包含不同形態(tài)服裝的實際銷售和預(yù)測銷售的比較。五個月的銷售數(shù)據(jù)（2001812）當(dāng)做原始數(shù)據(jù)用于我們的模型，然后做出一個2002年一個月份的銷售預(yù)測。模型的效力是通過比較擬合優(yōu)度統(tǒng)計資料、R2中的一個來測試的，也包含實際銷售和預(yù)測銷售的比較。一個093的R2由多變量分析獲得（075是單變量分析），這明顯比由單季性的指數(shù)平滑獲得的090和冬季的三項參數(shù)模式得來的075要高得多。另一種模型，基于人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的方集合體規(guī)則的條件部分。構(gòu)成規(guī)則的THEN部分。去模糊化把由前階段獲得的輸出變量（銷售）的語言值（S）轉(zhuǎn)換成一個真實的輸出值。這可以通過處理基值來完成，新結(jié)果要在平衡所有結(jié)果后找出來。模糊邏輯模型應(yīng)用于分組數(shù)據(jù)模型，銷售價值計算每個尺寸類的組合。這整段時間的總銷售額是通過總結(jié)所有分組項目的銷售額來計算的。N趨向于一系列尺寸顏色組合的點。為了計算日常銷售，要用到兩種不同的方法61分?jǐn)?shù)貢獻(xiàn)法根據(jù)觀察，每個工作日的分?jǐn)?shù)貢獻(xiàn)對于整個周銷售來說是恒定不變的。表格4和圖形2描述了一個工作日對于周銷售的分?jǐn)?shù)貢獻(xiàn)，從預(yù)測的周銷售能預(yù)測日常銷售。

簡介：EXPERIMENTALSTUDYONSHEARBEHAVIORINNEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSOFSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMSGUOPINGLI1CHUNLEIZHANG2ANDCHANGYANNIU3ABSTRACTEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGTECHNOLOGYHASACHIEVEDWIDEAPPLICATIONINBRIDGESALTHOUGHPREVIOUSTESTSHAVEMADEGREATPROGRESSINSHEARBEHAVIOROFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMS,THERESEARCHMAINLYFOCUSEDONSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSTOSTUDYTHEEFFECTSOFJOINTSANDLARGENEGATIVEMOMENTSONTHESHEARBEHAVIOROFSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMS,ASERIESOFCANTILEVERBEAMSPECIMENSWEREDESIGNEDTOSIMULATETHENEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSINCONTINUOUSBEAMSTHEN,THECRACKDEVELOPINGBEHAVIOR,FAILUREMODEBEHAVIOR,ANDMECHANICALBEHAVIOROFSPECIMENSWITHDIFFERENTSHEARSPANTOEFFECTIVEDEPTHRATIOS,JOINTTYPES,JOINTLOCATIONS,ANDRATIOSOFINTERNALTOEXTERNALTENDONSWEREINVESTIGATEDINTHISEXPERIMENTALSTUDYTHETESTRESULTSSHOWTHATFAILURECRACKSOFSEGMENTALSPECIMENSAREWEBSHEARCRACKS,WHOSELOCATIONSANDINCLINATIONANGLESAREINDEPENDENTOFJOINTSEVENTUALLY,BOTHSIDESOFTHESPECIMENSMOVERELATIVELYALONGFAILURECRACKSANDTHESPECIMENSFAILSUDDENLYTHERESULTSALSOREVEALTHATTHEDEFLECTIONSOFSEGMENTALSPECIMENSAFTERCRACKINGDEVELOPVERYQUICKLY,ANDTHESTRESSINCREMENTSOFPRESTRESSINGTENDONSREACH20–24OFTHETENSILESTRENGTH,WHICHARELARGERTHANTHOSEOFMONOLITHICSPECIMENSINADDITION,THESHEARSTRENGTHPROVIDEDBYTHECONCRETEEFFECTSINREGIONSNEARTHEINTERIORSUPPORTSOFCONTINUOUSBEAMSISLOWERTHANTHATINREGIONSNEARTHESUPPORTSOFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMS,ANDTHECONTRIBUTIONSOFTHESTIRRUPANDPRESTRESSINGTENDONTOTHESHEARSTRENGTHARE14–21AND8–18,RESPECTIVELY,INWHICHTHECONTRIBUTIONOFSTIRRUPISGREATERTHANTHATOFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSDOI101061/ASCEBE194355920000351?2013AMERICANSOCIETYOFCIVILENGINEERSCEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSCONCRETEBRIDGESPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMSJOINTSSHEARFAILURESCRACKINGAUTHORKEYWORDSEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGCONTINUOUSBEAMSJOINTSSHEARFAILURECRACKINGINTRODUCTIONEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGTECHNOLOGYHASBEENWIDELYADOPTEDINCONCRETEBRIDGESFORMORETHAN30YEARSPREVIOUSRESEARCHHASSHOWNTHATTHEREISNOOBVIOUSDIFFERENCEINTHESTRUCTURALBEHAVIORBETWEENINTERNALLYANDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDSTRUCTURESREGARDINGSERVICELIMITSTATESHOWEVER,THISISDIFFERENTFROMULTIMATELIMITSTATESEXTERNALTENDONSAREANCHOREDONLYATTHETWOENDSOFTHEBEAM,RESULTINGINTHEIRSTRESSINCREMENTSLIMITEDANDTHEYIELDINGPOINTHARDLYREACHEDONTHEBASISOFTHEINVESTIGATIONSOFEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESINSERVICE,ITISFOUNDTHATMANYAPPLICATIONSOFEXTERNALPRESTRESSINGTECHNOLOGYHAVEBEENMADEONSEGMENTALBRIDGESVIRLOGEUX1993CORVEN1993EIBL1993MULLER1993ANUMBEROFTESTSHAVEBEENMADEONMONOLITHICANDSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDBEAMSFOUREETAL1993A,BREZENDEMARTINSETAL1993RAMIREZETAL1993APARICIOETAL2002LI2007SAIBABUETAL2009,ANDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATJOINTSHAVEASIGNIFICANTINFLUENCEONTHEFORMATIONOFCRACKSANDFAILUREMODESOFBEAMSTANANDTJANDRA2003REPORTEDSHEARDEFICIENCYOFEXTERNALTENDONSFORSTRENGTHENINGTHESHEARSTRENGTHOFBEAMS,ANDLI2007DEVELOPEDTESTSONSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBEAMSANDIDENTIFIEDTHEIRDIFFERENCESWITHMONOLITHICONESINSHEARBEHAVIORANDSHEARSTRENGTHBASEDONTHEEXISTENCEOFJOINTSHOWEVER,WHENSUMMARIZINGTHEPREVIOUSRESULTS,ITCANBESEENTHATRESEARCHONSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDBEAMSPRIMARILYFOCUSEDONFLEXURALSTRENGTHFOUREETAL1993BREZENDEMARTINSETAL1993NAAMANANDJEONG1993DRONNADULLA1993LIANDZHANG2007TANANDTJANDRA2007NG2003HARAJLI1993,ANDLIMITEDEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREREPORTEDINTHELITERATUREONSHEARSTRENGTHTHEEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMSFOCUSEDONSHEARBEHAVIOROFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSANDFLEXURESHEARBEHAVIOROFCONTINUOUSBEAMSAPARICIOETAL2002RAMIREZETAL1993LI2007BUYUKOZTURKETAL1990TURMOETAL2006THEMOMENTANDSHEARINNEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSNEARINTERIORSUPPORTSOFCONTINUOUSBEAMSARERELATIVELYLARGECOMPAREDWITHTHOSENEARSUPPORTSOFSIMPLYSUPPORTEDBEAMSMOSTPREVIOUSSTUDIESHAVENOTCONSIDEREDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFSHEARBEHAVIORINTHESEREGIONSINEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONTINUOUSBEAMSFOUREETAL1993ADESIGNEDASERIESOFTESTSCOMPRISINGSIXTSHAPEDEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCANTILEVERBEAMSTOSIMULATETHENEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSOFCONTINUOUSBEAMSANDINVESTIGATETHEDIFFERENCESINSHEARSTRENGTHBETWEENEXTERNALLYANDINTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDBEAMSHOWEVER,THEEFFECTOFJOINTSONTHEMECHANICALBEHAVIORWASNOTINCLUDEDINTHEIRTESTSTHEREFORE,ITSHOULDBEBENEFICIALTOSTUDYSHEARBEHAVIORINNEGATIVEMOMENTREGIONSOFSEGMENTALEXTERNALLYPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECONTINUOUSBEAMSANDTOINVESTIGATETHEWHOLEPROCESSFROM1PROFESSOR,DEPTOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,TONGJIUNIV,SHANGHAI200092,CHINAEMAILLGPTJTONGJIEDUCN2PHDCANDIDATE,DEPTOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,TONGJIUNIV,SHANGHAI200092,CHINACORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAIL3ZHANGTONGJIEDUCN3ASSISTANTENGINEER,SHANGHAIMUNICIPALENGINEERINGDESIGNINSTITUTEGROUPCO,LTD,3GUOKANGRD,SHANGHAI200092,CHINAEMAILNEILTJGMAILCOMNOTETHISMANUSCRIPTWASSUBMITTEDONSEPTEMBER5,2011APPROVEDONNOVEMBER30,2011PUBLISHEDONLINEONDECEMBER2,2011DISCUSSIONPERIODOPENUNTILSEPTEMBER1,2013SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTHISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL18,NO4,APRIL1,2013?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2013/4328–338/2500328/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/APRIL2013JBRIDGEENG,2013,184328338DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYSULTANQABOOSUNIVERSITYON08/30/16COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEO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簡介：THECHINESEECONOMY,VOL40,NO6,NOVEMBER–DECEMBER2007,PP6–23?2007MESHARPE,INCALLRIGHTSRESERVEDISSN1097–1475/2007950000DOI102753/CES10971475400601ZHONGXIUZHAOANDKEVINHONGLINZHANGCHINA’SINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEWORLDABSTRACTTHISARTICLESTUDIESCHINA’SINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSUSINGINTERNATIONALPERSPECTIVESANDCOMPARISONADOPTINGTHEINDEXOFCOMPETITIVEINDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEDEVELOPEDBYTHEUNITEDNATIONSINDUSTRIALORGANIZATIONUNIDO,WEASSESSCHINA’SPOSITIONINTHEWORLDANDANALYZETHEDYNAMICSOFITSINDUSTRIALCAPABILITIES,FOCUSINGONFIVEDRIVERSOFINDUSTRIALCAPABILITYSKILLS,TECHNOLOGICALEFFORTS,INWARDFOREIGNDIRECTINVESTMENTFDI,ROYALTYANDTECHNICALPAYMENTSABROAD,ANDMODERNINFRASTRUCTUREWEFINDTHATCHINA’SBIGJUMPININDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSISLARGELYASSOCIATEDWITHITSPARTICIPATINGINTERNATIONALPRODUCTIONNETWORKSTHECORRESPONDINGDANGERSWITHSUCHCONNECTION,HOWEVER,ARELOWDOMESTICVALUEADDEDANDMERELYSERVINGASANEXPORTPLATFORMCHINACANBECOMEAGLOBALINDUSTRIALPOWERONLYIFITSUCCEEDSINUPGRADINGINDUSTRYANDDOMESTICINNOVATIONWHATISTHESTATEOFCHINA’SINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSINTHEWORLDPERHAPSTHECLEARESTIMPRESSIONISONEOFRAPIDECONOMICGROWTHSINCE1979,WHENCHINASTARTEDITSECONOMICREFORMSANDOPENDOORPOLICYHOWEVER,ASADEVELOPINGCOUNTRYINTHEERAOFGLOBALIZATION,CHINAFACESTHECHALLENGEOFHOWINDUSTRIALENTERPRISESCANBECOMEANDREMAININTERNATIONALLYCOMPETITIVEZHONGXIUZHAOISAPROFESSORATTHESCHOOLOFINTERNATIONALTRADEANDECONOMICS,UNIVERSITYOFINTERNATIONALBUSINESSANDECONOMICS,BEIJING,CHINAKEVINHONGLINZHANGISANASSOCIATEPROFESSORINTHEDEPARTMENTOFECONOMICS,ILLINOISSTATEUNIVERSITY,NORMAL,IL61790–420068THECHINESEECONOMYBYTHEUNITEDNATIONSINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTORGANIZATIONUNIDO,WEASSESSCHINA’SPOSITIONINTHEWORLDANDANALYZETHEDYNAMICSOFITSINDUSTRIALCAPABILITIESINTHEPERIOD1985–1998ANDCPROBLEMSANDCHALLENGESFORCHINATOSUSTAINITSINDUSTRIALGROWTHSINCE1998SOMEPOLICYISSUESFACINGCHINAAREIDENTIFIEDINRECENTINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT,ESPECIALLYHOWTOINCREASEDOMESTICVALUEADDEDINGLOBALPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSANDWHATSHOULDBEDONEININDUSTRIALUPGRADINGANDDOMESTICINNOVATIONINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSTHEORYANDEVIDENCEWHYDOESINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSMATTERSINCETHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION,MANUFACTURINGHASBEENTHEENGINEFORECONOMICGROWTHANDFORTRANSFORMINGTHEECONOMICSTRUCTUREOFPOORCOUNTRIESINPARTICULAR,ITHASBEENTHECATALYSTFORSHIFTINGTHEMFROMSIMPLE,LOWVALUEACTIVITIESWITHPOORGROWTHPROSPECTSTOACTIVITIESWITHHIGHPRODUCTIVITY,INCREASINGRETURNS,ANDSTRONGGROWTHPOTENTIALUNIDO2002THEGROWTHOFTECHNOLOGYDRIVENECONOMICACTIVITIESINTHEPASTTWODECADESDOESNOTCHANGETHISFACT,DESPITETHERISINGSHAREOFSERVICESININCOMEANDTHEMUCHHYPEDGROWTHOFTHE“NEWECONOMY”INDEED,RAPIDTECHNICALPROGRESSMAKESINDUSTRIALIZATIONEVENMOREIMPORTANTTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES1INDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEREFLECTSTHECOMPLEXINTERACTIONOFMANYFACTORS,INCLUDINGINSTITUTIONS,SKILLS,TECHNOLOGIES,INFRASTRUCTURE,NETWORKING,POLITICALANDSOCIALSTABILITY,ANDOTHERFACTORSTOMAKEANALYSESUSEFULANDALSOWORKABLE,WEHAVETOBELIMITEDTOAFEWOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDETERMINANTS,INSTEADOFINCLUDINGALLFACTORSARECENTSTUDYBYUNIDO2002IDENTIFIEDFIVEDRIVERSTHATAREDIRECTLYRELEVANTTOINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIVENESSSKILLS,TECHNOLOGICALEFFORT,INWARDFOREIGNFDI,ROYALTYANDTECHNICALPAYMENTSABROAD,ANDMODERNINFRASTRUCTURESKILLSSKILLSHAVEALWAYSBEENIMPORTANTFORINDUSTRIALPERFORMANCEBUTTHEYHAVEBECOMEEVENMORECRUCIALBECAUSEOFTHEEXPLOSIVEGROWTHOFTHEWEIGHTLESSECONOMYANDTHEHIGHINFORMATIONCONTENTOFINDUSTRIALACTIVITIES

簡介：PECKINGORDERANDDEBTCAPACITYCONSIDERATIONSFORHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESSEEKINGFINANCINGTOMRVANACKER?SOPHIEMANIGARTACCEPTED24JUNE2008/PUBLISHEDONLINE28OCTOBER2008?SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2008ABSTRACTTHISPAPEREXAMINESINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESALARGELONGITUDINALDATASET,FREEOFSURVIVORSHIPBIAS,TOCOVERFINANCINGEVENTSOFHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESFORUPTO8YEARSISANALYZEDTHEEMPIRICALEVIDENCESHOWSTHATPROFITABLEBUSINESSESPREFERTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,EVENIFTHEYHAVEUNUSEDDEBTCAPACITYEXTERNALEQUITYISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTFORUNPROFITABLEBUSINESSESWITHHIGHDEBTLEVELS,LIMITEDCASHFLOWS,HIGHRISKOFFAILUREORSIGNIFICANTINVESTMENTSININTANGIBLEASSETSTHESEFINDINGSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEEXTENDEDPECKINGORDERTHEORYCONTROLLINGFORCONSTRAINTSIMPOSEDBYDEBTCAPACITYITSUGGESTSTHATNEWEQUITYISSUESAREPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOALLOWHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESTOGROWBEYONDTHEIRDEBTCAPACITYKEYWORDSFINANCINGDECISIONS?PECKINGORDERTHEORY?DEBTCAPACITY?GROWTHJELCLASSIFICATIONSG32?L261INTRODUCTIONALTHOUGHFEWINNUMBER,HIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESCONTRIBUTEDISPROPORTIONATELYTOEMPLOYMENTANDWEALTHCREATIONINANECONOMYSTOREY1994THISMAKESORGANIZATIONALGROWTHACENTRALAREAOFRESEARCHINENTREPRENEURSHIPANDAMAJORPOLICYCONCERNPROPERFINANCIALMANAGEMENT,INCLUDINGRAISINGSUITABLEFINANCING,ISONEOFTHEKEYFACTORSSHAPINGHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESNICHOLLSNIXON2005THEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTOOFFERANINSIGHTINTOTHEDISCRETEFINANCINGDECISIONSTAKENWITHINHIGHGROWTHBUSINESSESINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESARETHOUGHTTOBEPARTICULARLYSEVEREINTHISSETTINGFRANKANDGOYAL2003,CAUSINGASUBSTANTIALWEDGEBETWEENTHECOSTSOFINTERNALANDEXTERNALDEBTANDEQUITYFINANCINGCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002AWETHEREFOREFOCUSONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYTOEXPLAINTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYPREDICTSTHEEXISTENCEOFAFINANCINGHIERARCHY,WHEREBUSINESSMANAGERSAVOIDTHECOSTOFEXTERNALFINANCINGIFPOSSIBLEASARESULT,THEYWILLFIRSTPREFERTOUSEINTERNALFUNDS,THENDEBTANDFINALLYOUTSIDEEQUITYASALASTRESORTTOFINANCEINVESTMENTSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THEIMPACTOFCOMPANYCHARACTERISTICSONFINANCIALDECISIONMAKINGMAYVARYACCORDINGTOTHERESEARCHSETTINGHARRISANDRAVIV1991ITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTTOTESTFINANCIALTHEORIESINSETTINGSWHEREOURKNOWLEDGEISLIMITEDTODETERMINETHEGENERALIZABILITYOFTHETHEORIESACROSSDIFFERENTSETTINGSTRVANACKERCARPENTERANDPETERSEN2002ABERGERANDUDELL1998ASYMMETRICINFORMATIONISPROBABLYONEOFTHEMOSTIMPORTANTREASONSWHYOUTSIDEFUNDSARETHOUGHTTOBESUBSTANTIALLYMORECOSTLYCOMPAREDTOINTERNALFUNDSBERGERANDUDELL19981INFORMATIONALASYMMETRYENTAILSTHATWHILEBUSINESSMANAGERSHAVEPRIVATEINFORMATIONABOUTTHEVALUEOFASSETSINPLACEANDFUTUREGROWTHOPTIONS,OUTSIDEINVESTORSCANMERELYESTIMATETHESEVALUESFACEDWITHTHERISKOFADVERSESELECTION,OUTSIDEINVESTORSWILLDEMANDA‘‘LEMONS’’PREMIUMFORTHESECURITIESOFFEREDBYTHEBUSINESSAKERLOF1970THEMORERISKYTHESECURITY,THEHIGHERTHEPREMIUMWILLBE,ASRISKEXACERBATESTHEEFFECTSOFINFORMATIONASYMMETRYMYERS1984ASARESULT,COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGS,WHICHARENOTSUBJECTTOASYMMETRICINFORMATIONPROBLEMSWHENINTERNALFUNDSAREINSUFFICIENTTOMEETTHEFINANCINGNEEDS,MANAGERSWILLTURNTOMORECOSTLYOUTSIDEFUNDSINTHISSITUATIONCOMPANIESAREEXPECTEDTOISSUETHESAFESTSECURITIESFIRSTASTHESEWILLSUFFERLESSFROMINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESANDHENCEBESUBJECTTOLOWERPREMIUMSMYERS1984MYERSANDMAJLUF1984THISIMPLIESMANAGERSWILLFIRSTRAISEDEBTFINANCINGANDONLYCONSIDERNEWEQUITYASALASTRESORTTHERESULTINGFINANCINGHIERARCHYISOFTENREFERREDTOASAPECKINGORDERANDISONEOFTHEMOSTINFLUENTIALTHEORIESINTHEFINANCIALLITERATUREFRANKANDGOYAL2003INTHISPAPERTHEFOCUSISONTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYASAFRAMEWORKTOUNDERSTANDINCREMENTALFINANCINGDECISIONSCONSEQUENTLY,THISRESEARCHISINLINEWITHPRIORSTUDIES,SUCHASHELWEGEANDLIANG1996SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999ANDFRANKANDGOYAL2003,WHICHFOCUSONTHEFINANCINGCHOICESOFQUOTEDAMERICANCOMPANIESTHEIRDIRECTTESTSOFTHETWOMAINTENETSOFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELIE,1COMPANIESPREFERTOFINANCENEWINVESTMENTSWITHRETAINEDEARNINGSAND2EXTERNALEQUITYISONLYISSUEDASALASTRESORTIFOUTSIDEFUNDSARENEEDEDHAVEOFFEREDINCONCLUSIVEANDEVENCONTRADICTORYRESULTS,HOWEVERHELWEGEANDLIANG1996,STUDYINGAPANELOFUSCOMPANIESTHATCONDUCTEDANIPOIN1983,FINDTHATTHEPROBABILITYOFOBTAININGOUTSIDEFUNDSISNOTRELATEDTOASHORTFALLININTERNALLYGENERATEDFUNDS,WHICHISINCONTRASTWITHPREDICTIONSOFTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYHOWEVER,CONSISTENTWITHPECKINGORDERPREDICTIONS,THEYFINDTHATFIRMSWITHACASHSURPLUSAVOIDOUTSIDEFINANCINGFINALLY,FIRMSACCESSINGTHECAPITALMARKETDONOTFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERWHENCHOOSINGTHETYPEOFSECURITYTOOFFERSHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,HOWEVER,DRAWADIFFERENTPICTUREOFTHEPREDICTIVEPOWEROFTHEPECKINGORDERMODELBASEDONASAMPLEOF157USFIRMSTHATTRADEDCONTINUOUSLYBETWEEN1971AND1989,THEYCONCLUDETHAT‘‘THEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISANEXCELLENTFIRSTORDERDESCRIPTOROFCORPORATEFINANCINGBEHAVIOR,ATLEASTINOURSAMPLEOFMATURECORPORATIONS’’SHYAMSUNDERANDMYERS1999,P242FRANKANDGOYAL2003SHOWTHATFORAMOREELABORATESAMPLEOFPUBLICLYQUOTEDUSCOMPANIES,THEGREATESTSUPPORTFORTHEPECKINGORDERTHEORYISFOUNDAMONGLARGEFIRMSSMALLERFIRMS,WHICHAREEXPECTEDTOBEMORELIKELYTOBESUBJECTTOINFORMATIONASYMMETRIES,DONOTSEEMTOFOLLOWAPECKINGORDERADDITIONALLY,THEPECKINGORDERTHEORYPREDICTIONTHATHIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESWILLENDUPWITHHIGHDEBTRATIOSBECAUSEOFTHEIRLARGEFINANCINGNEEDSISQUESTIONEDFAMAANDFRENCH2005BARCLAYETAL2006DEMONSTRATETHATHIGHGROWTHVENTURES1WEACKNOWLEDGETHATINFORMATIONASYMMETRIESDONOTNECESSARILYLEADTOAFINANCINGHIERARCHYHALOVANDHEIDER2004,ANDTHEEXISTENCEOFASYMMETRICINFORMATIONMAYNOTBETHEONLYREASONWHYAFINANCINGHIERARCHYEXISTSFIRST,TRANSACTIONCOSTSMAYALSOCONTRIBUTETOTHEWEDGEBETWEENTHECOSTSOFINTERNALANDOUTSIDEFINANCINGMYERS1984SECOND,THEREISAPOTENTIALCOSTOFLOSINGCONTROLOVERTHEBUSINESSWHENRESORTINGTOOUTSIDEFINANCINGTHESEFACTORSMAYFURTHERINHIBITBUSINESSMANAGERSFROMISSUINGOUTSIDEFINANCINGANDEVENCONSTRAINCOMPANYGROWTHMANIGARTANDSTRUYF1997FINALLY,THEEXISTENCEOFAKNOWLEDGEGAPFROMTHEENTREPRENEUR’SPERSPECTIVEMAYCAUSEAFINANCINGHIERARCHY,ASBUSINESSOWNERSARETYPICALLYMOSTFAMILIARWITHTRADITIONALSOURCESOFFUNDING,SUCHASINSIDEFINANCINGANDDEBT,BUTLESSFAMILIARWITHCAPITALCOMMONLYUSEDTOFUNDGROWTH,SUCHASVENTURECAPITALANDBUSINESSANGELFINANCINGVANAUKEN2001HIGHGROWTHCOMPANIESSEEKINGFINANCING55123

簡介：THEROLEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLOGISTICSCHAINYUNGYUTSENGPHDCANDIDATETRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILYUNGYUTSENGUNISAEDUAUWENLONGYUEPROGRAMDIRECTORTRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILWENYUEUNISAEDUAUMICHAELAPTAYLORDIRECTORTRANSPORTSYSTEMSCENTREUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHAUSTRALIAGPOBOX2471ADELAIDE,SOUTHAUSTRALIA5001AUSTRALIAFAX61883021880EMAILMICHAELTAYLORUNISAEDUAUABSTRACTTHEOPERATIONOFTRANSPORTATIONDETERMINESTHEEFFICIENCYOFMOVINGPRODUCTSTHEPROGRESSINTECHNIQUESANDMANAGEMENTPRINCIPLESIMPROVESTHEMOVINGLOAD,DELIVERYSPEED,SERVICEQUALITY,OPERATIONCOSTS,THEUSAGEOFFACILITIESANDENERGYSAVINGTRANSPORTATIONTAKESACRUCIALPARTINTHEMANIPULATIONOFLOGISTICREVIEWINGTHECURRENTCONDITION,ASTRONGSYSTEMNEEDSACLEARFRAMEOFLOGISTICSANDAPROPERTRANSPORTIMPLEMENTSANDTECHNIQUESTOLINKTHEPRODUCINGPROCEDURESTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEPAPERISTODEFINETHEROLEOFTRANSPORTATIONINLOGISTICSFORTHEREFERENCEOFFURTHERIMPROVEMENTTHERESEARCHWASUNDERTAKENTOASSISTLOGISTICSMANAGERS,RESEARCHERSANDTRANSPORTATIONPLANNERSTODEFINEANDCOMPREHENDTHEBASICVIEWSOFLOGISTICSANDITSVARIOUSAPPLICATIONSANDTHERELATIONSHIPSBETWEENLOGISTICSANDTRANSPORTATIONKEYWORDSLOGISTICS,TRANSPORTATION,CITYLOGISTICS1INTRODUCTIONSINCELOGISTICSADVANCEDFROM1950S,THEREWERENUMEROUSRESEARCHESFOCUSEDONTHISAREAINDIFFERENTAPPLICATIONSDUETOTHETRENDOFNATIONALISATIONANDGLOBALISATIONINRECENTDECADES,THEIMPORTANCEOFLOGISTICSMANAGEMENTHASBEENGROWINGINVARIOUSAREASFORINDUSTRIES,LOGISTICSHELPSTOOPTIMISETHEEXISTINGPRODUCTIONANDDISTRIBUTIONPROCESSESBASEDONTHESAMERESOURCESTHROUGHMANAGEMENTTECHNIQUESFORPROMOTINGTHEEFFICIENCYANDCOMPETITIVENESSOFENTERPRISESTHEKEYELEMENTINALOGISTICSCHAINISTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEM,WHICHJOINTSTHESEPARATEDACTIVITIESTRANSPORTATIONOCCUPIESONETHIRDOFTHEAMOUNTINTHELOGISTICSCOSTSANDTRANSPORTATIONSYSTEMSINFLUENCETHEPERFORMANCEOFLOGISTICSSYSTEMHUGELYTRANSPORTINGISREQUIREDINTHEWHOLEPRODUCTIONPROCEDURES,FROMMANUFACTURINGTODELIVERYTOTHEFINALCONSUMERSANDRETURNSONLYAGOODCOORDINATIONBETWEENEACHCOMPONENTWOULDBRINGTHEBENEFITSTOAMAXIMUMTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTORECLARIFYANDREDEFINETHEPOSITIONRELATIONSHIPBETWEENTRANSPORTATIONANDLOGISTICSSYSTEMSTHROUGHCOLLECTINGANDANALYSINGVARIOUSAPPLICATIONPROCEEDINGSOFTHEEASTERNASIASOCIETYFORTRANSPORTATIONSTUDIES,VOL5,PP16571672,20051657LOGISTICSSERVICESCOMPRISEPHYSICALACTIVITIESEGTRANSPORT,STORAGEASWELLASNONPHYSICALACTIVITIESEGSUPPLYCHAINDESIGN,SELECTIONOFCONTRACTORS,FREIGHTAGENEGOTIATIONSMOSTACTIVITIESOFLOGISTICSSERVICESAREBIDIRECTIONINFORMATIONSYSTEMSINCLUDEMODELLINGANDMANAGEMENTOFDECISIONMAKING,ANDMOREIMPORTANTISSUESARETRACKINGANDTRACINGITPROVIDESESSENTIALDATAANDCONSULTATIONINEACHSTEPOFTHEINTERACTIONAMONGLOGISTICSSERVICESANDTHETARGETSTATIONSINFRASTRUCTURECOMPRISESHUMANRESOURCES,FINANCIALRESOURCES,PACKAGINGMATERIALS,WAREHOUSES,TRANSPORTANDCOMMUNICATIONSMOSTFIXEDCAPITALISFORBUILDINGTHOSEINFRASTRUCTURESTHEYARECONCRETEFOUNDATIONSANDBASEMENTSWITHINLOGISTICSSYSTEMSFIGURE1OVERVIEWOFLOGISTICSSYSTEMSOURCEBTRE,200123HISTORYANDADVANCEMENTOFLOGISTICSLOGISTICSWASINITIALLYAMILITARYACTIVITYCONCERNEDWITHGETTINGSOLDIERSANDMUNITIONSTOTHEBATTLEFRONTINTIMEFORFLIGHT,BUTITISNOWSEENASANINTEGRALPARTOFTHEMODERNPRODUCTIONPROCESSTHEMAINBACKGROUNDOFITSDEVELOPMENTISTHATTHERECESSIONOFAMERICAINTHE1950SCAUSEDTHEINDUSTRIALTOPLACEIMPORTANCEONGOODSCIRCULATIONSTHETERM,LOGISTICS,WASINITIALLYDEVELOPEDINTHECONTEXTOFMILITARYACTIVITIESINTHELATE18THANDEARLY19THCENTURIESANDITLAUNCHEDFROMTHEMILITARYLOGISTICSOFWORLDWARIITHEPROBABLEORIGINOFTHETERMISTHEGREEKLOGISTIKOS,MEANING‘SKILLEDINCALCULATING’BTRE,2001MILITARYDEFINITIONSTYPICALLYINCORPORATETHESUPPLY,MOVEMENTANDQUARTERINGOFTROOPSINASETANDNOW,ANUMBEROFRESEARCHESWERETAKENANDMADELOGISTICSAPPLICATIONSFROMMILITARYPROCEEDINGSOFTHEEASTERNASIASOCIETYFORTRANSPORTATIONSTUDIES,VOL5,PP16571672,20051659

簡介：英文文獻(xiàn)原文ACASCADEDITERATIVEFOURIERTRANSFORMALGORITHMFOROPTICALSECURITYAPPLICATIONSABSTRACTACASCADEDITERATIVEFOURIERTRANSFORMCIFTALGORITHMISPRESENTEDFOROPTICALSECURITYAPPLICATIONSTWOPHASEMASKSAREDESIGNEDANDLOCATEDINTHEINPUTANDTHEFOURIERDOMAINSOFA4FCORRELATORRESPECTIVELY,INORDERTOIMPLEMENTTHEOPTICALENCRYPTIONORAUTHENTICITYVERIFICATIONCOMPAREDWITHPREVIOUSMETHODS,THEPROPOSEDALGORITHMEMPLOYSANIMPROVEDSEARCHINGSTRATEGYMODIFYINGTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSOFBOTHMASKSSYNCHRONOUSLYASWELLASENLARGINGTHESEARCHINGSPACECOMPUTERSIMULATIONSSHOWTHATTHEALGORITHMRESULTSINMUCHFASTERCONVERGENCEANDBETTERIMAGEQUALITYFORTHERECOVEREDIMAGEEACHOFTHESEMASKSISASSIGNEDTODIFFERENTPERSONTHEREFORE,THEDECRYPTEDIMAGECANBEOBTAINEDONLYWHENALLTHESEMASKSAREUNDERAUTHORIZATIONTHISKEYASSIGNMENTSTRATEGYMAYREDUCETHERISKOFBEINGINTRUDEDKEYWORDSOPTICALSECURITY–OPTICALENCRYPTION–CASCADEDITERATIVEFOURIERTRANSFORMALGORITHM1INTRODUCTIONOPTICALTECHNIQUESHAVESHOWNGREATPOTENTIALINTHEFIELDOFINFORMATIONSECURITYAPPLICATIONSRECENTLYRéFRéGIERANDJAVIDIPROPOSEDANOVELDOUBLERANDOMPHASEENCODINGTECHNIQUE,WHICHENCODESAPRIMARYIMAGEINTOASTATIONARYWHITENOISETHISTECHNIQUEWASALSOUSEDTOENCRYPTINFORMATIONINTHEFRACTIONALFOURIERDOMAINANDTOSTOREENCRYPTEDINFORMATIONHOLOGRAPHICALLYPHASEENCODINGTECHNIQUESWEREALSOPROPOSEDFOROPTICALAUTHENTICITYVERIFICATIONWANGETALANDLIETALPROPOSEDANOTHERMETHODFOROPTICALENCRYPTIONANDAUTHENTICITYVERIFICATIONUNLIKETHETECHNIQUESMENTIONEDABOVE,THISMETHODENCRYPTSINFORMATIONCOMPLETELYINTOAPHASEMASK,WHICHISLOCATEDINEITHERTHEINPUTORTHEFOURIERDOMAINOFA4FCORRELATORFORINSTANCE,GIVENTHEPREDEFINITIONSOFASIGNIFICANTIMAGEFX,YASTHEDESIREDOUTPUTANDAPHASEDISTRIBUTIONEXP{JBU,V}INTHEFOURIERDOMAIN,IT’SEASYTOOPTIMIZETHEOTHERPHASEFUNCTIONEXP{JPX,Y}WITHAMODIFIEDPROJECTIONONTOCONSTRAINTSETSPOCSALGORITHM10THEREFORETHEIMAGEFX,YISENCODEDSUCCESSFULLYINTOEXP{JPX,Y}WITHTHEAIDOFEXP{JBU,V}INOTHERWORDS,THEFIXEDPHASEEXP{JBU,V}SERVESASTHELOCKWHILETHERETRIEVEDPHASEEXP{JPX,Y}SERVESASTHEKEYOFTHESECURITYSYSTEMTORECONSTRUCTTHEORIGINALINFORMATION,THEPHASEFUNCTIONSEXP{JPX,Y}ANDEXP{JBU,V}MUSTMATCHANDBELOCATEDINTHEINPUTANDTHEFOURIERPLANERESPECTIVELYABOOKASISETALIMPLEMENTEDTHISSCHEMEWITHAJOINTTRANSFORMCORRELATORFOROPTICALVERIFICATIONHOWEVER,BECAUSETHEKEYEXP{JPX,Y}CONTAINSINFORMATIONOFTHEIMAGEFX,YANDTHELOCKEXP{JBU,V},ANDTHE4FCORRELATORHASACHARACTEROFLINEARITY,ITISPOSSIBLEFORTHEINTRUDERTOFINDOUTTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHELOCKFUNCTIONBYSTATISTICALLYINITIALIZATIONOFTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEMASKSSUPPOSETHEITERATIONPROCESSREACHESTHEKTHITERATIONK1,2,3,,ANDTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSINTHEINPUTANDTHEFOURIERPLANEAREREPRESENTEDASAND,RESPECTIVELYTHENANESTIMATIONOFTHETARGETIMAGEISOBTAINEDATTHEOUTPUTOFTHECORRELATORDEFINEDBYWHEREFTANDIFTDENOTETHEFOURIERTRANSFORMANDTHEINVERSEFOURIERTRANSFORM,RESPECTIVELYIFFKX,YSATISFIESTHECONVERGENTCRITERION,THEITERATIONPROCESSSTOPS,ANDANDARETHEOPTIMIZEDDISTRIBUTIONSOTHERWISE,THEFKX,YISMODIFIEDTOSATISFYTHETARGETIMAGECONSTRAINTASFOLLOWSTHENTHEMODIFIEDFUNCTIONISTRANSFORMEDBACKWARDTOGENERATEBOTHOFTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSASFOLLOWSWHEREANG{}DENOTESTHEPHASEEXTRACTIONFUNCTIONTHENKISREPLACEDBYK1FORTHENEXTITERATIONITISSHOWNINEQS3AAND3BTHATBOTHOFTHEPHASEDISTRIBUTIONSAREMODIFIEDINEVERYITERATION,ACCORDEDTOTHEESTIMATIONOFTHETARGETIMAGEINTHEPRESENTITERATIONITENSURESHEALGORITHMCONVERGESWITHMUCHFASTERSPEEDANDMORECONSISTENTFORTHEPHASEMASKSINGENERAL,THECONVERGENTCRITERIONCANBETHEMSEORTHECORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHEITERATEDANDTHETARGETIMAGE,WHICHAREDEFINEDBYWHEREMNISTHESIZEOFTHEIMAGE,ANDEDENOTESTHEMEANOFTHEIMAGE

簡介：中文中文4300字，字，2700單詞，單詞，13500英文字符英文字符出處出處GRAYC,GREATEDCATHEAPPLICATIONOFPARTICLEIMAGEVELOCIMETRYTOTHESTUDYOFWATERWAVESJOPTICSLASERSINENGINEERING,1988,9S3–4265276光學(xué)與激光工程9（1988）265276粒子圖像測速技術(shù)在水波研究中的應(yīng)用粒子圖像測速技術(shù)在水波研究中的應(yīng)用CGRAYCAGREATED愛丁堡大學(xué)物理系，詹姆斯克拉克麥克斯韋巴德建筑，國王建筑，梅菲爾德街道，英國愛丁堡EH93JZ，（1987年9月1日收到，1987年12月21日采納）摘要粒子圖像測速技術(shù)（PIV）對水波下速度分布測量的應(yīng)用是可以描述的，二維水波產(chǎn)于實驗室波浪水槽里被一股強(qiáng)大的CW氬離子激光照明的測量區(qū)域。攝影記錄和隨后的電光分析的影片提供了在實驗室波浪水槽的位移，因此速度場可以用來傳遞波浪。這個典型的實驗結(jié)果和通過與線性波理論的比較闡明了這項技術(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性和可靠性。引言在水波下的速度分布的研究是一門具有重大現(xiàn)實意義科目，因為這些知識對海洋結(jié)構(gòu)的預(yù)測力來說是必不可少的。在許多情況下，特別是當(dāng)該波被打破或到達(dá)一個不穩(wěn)定點時，沒有可靠的分析和計算技術(shù)能夠給出可靠的結(jié)果。在這種情況下，設(shè)計者必須訴諸于在實驗室進(jìn)行模擬建波，并充分地利用測試的標(biāo)度律。實驗測量的主要困難是，傳統(tǒng)的速度探頭，如小型螺旋槳米或熱線風(fēng)速計，要么不能回應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確的波浪環(huán)境，要么遭受嚴(yán)峻的校準(zhǔn)問題。激光多普勒測速儀（LDA）已成功地應(yīng)用于測量水波速度1，但在其應(yīng)用程序中仍會遇到的很多問題。主要的困難與當(dāng)測量正在波谷水平之上被記錄時激光束僅淹沒的波周期的一部分的事實是相關(guān)的。憑借先進(jìn)的計算機(jī)技術(shù)，分析了多普勒信號表示它已經(jīng)可以克服這些困難，速度分布的詳細(xì)研究，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)作為結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計的目的已被利用。2盡管有這些進(jìn)步，這種類型的測量裝置的基本限制依然存在。水波研究設(shè)計人員一般感興趣的是在一個指定的表面輪廓下的速度向量圖。但是，激光多普勒技術(shù)，測定的僅僅是在任何給定的時刻的一個固定空間點。之后，僅可以構(gòu)建完整的向量圖在波個人檔案的問題的情況下，可以準(zhǔn)確地重復(fù)了很多次，探頭移動到繼承整個流場點層擴(kuò)大鋁板網(wǎng)產(chǎn)生的。水槽兩側(cè)的狹窄的水槽和緊密配合的造波機(jī)，確保生成的波是二維的，并且是沒有顯著垂直于水槽兩邊的流體運動。氬離子激光燈的一個032米寬，3毫米厚的薄片，被用來照亮的水槽內(nèi)的平面是很好的，進(jìn)入水槽通過玻璃基體和通過垂直于基底并平行于玻璃邊的波傳遞。光從激光器到薄板的擴(kuò)展是通過使用短焦距柱面透鏡來實現(xiàn)的。一個正面的切片鏡子反射的激光的擴(kuò)大片通過基地水槽。該鏡像到它的長度從后面看，中間拉緊為了稍微低頭，它具有重準(zhǔn)直光表的效果。由于光垂直入射到玻璃基體，因此不需要的反射被減少到最低限度。當(dāng)使用高功率激光和采取的步驟可能會相當(dāng)減少的影響（包括不斷擴(kuò)大的鏡片多層鍍膜技術(shù)）有助于最大限度地到達(dá)測量表面以及減少對眼睛的損害的風(fēng)險，強(qiáng)烈的反射光通過反射的光損失。控制在膨脹水箱中的光片也有助于保持一個恒定的光強(qiáng)度，垂直穿過的測量區(qū)域內(nèi)，否則，這些成為不太激烈的進(jìn)一步把油箱作為光繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大。水箱中的水的種子是一定量的針葉樹花粉。這種形式的播種適合這種應(yīng)用，因為其便宜相比，其他的播種材料如為在波浪水槽（1000HTRES）的體積的水，這將是昂貴的乳膠球?；ǚ垡彩且粋€不錯的直播媒體，因為它是中性浮力在水中，所有的粒子都是相似的大小（約50100微米），它吹散了不少的光。水箱中的水的種子與一定量的針葉樹花粉。這種形式的播種是適合這種應(yīng)用，因為其便宜相比其他種材料如乳膠球，這將是昂貴的，在波浪水槽的水的體積（千升）?；ǚ垡彩且粋€不錯的直播媒體，因為它是中性浮力在水中，所有的粒子都是相似的大?。s50100微米），它吹散了不少的光。該物質(zhì)的暴露是一個敏感400ASA單色膜，以便使用短脈沖時間0002S是足以致動所述乳液。照片的流量是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的35毫米。尼康F2單反相機(jī)，電機(jī)膜提前的F2855毫米的平焦微距鏡頭。平攝像頭基座，使自動曝光和顯影的電影有一個真正的精神水平，這是隨后的分析所依據(jù)的。最后的照明平面上的寬度，以便測量其在膠片上的圖像的寬度的測量可用于計算M的對象/所需的最終速度的計算的圖像的放大倍率。條紋分析雙重曝光膜的流量上捕獲的位移場確定的點，逐點通過測量由相交的探頭的激光束的遠(yuǎn)場中產(chǎn)生的衍射條紋的間距和取向，因為在典型的相當(dāng)大的噪聲本PIV條紋（圖2），并且由于所需的測量點（50500）的典型的大量的，它是必要的自動化分析條紋。一個低功率（1MW）的氦氖激光器，用來照亮安裝在手動X，Z載物臺允許探針激光束，以在任何一點上相交的膜曝光和顯影，負(fù)片。F2的一個50毫米尼康相機(jī)鏡頭投射的功率譜的薄膜上的小的照明區(qū)域的攝像管的十字LDH402室內(nèi)攝像機(jī)條紋數(shù)字化到一個數(shù)組中的6464的強(qiáng)度值與一個8

簡介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）譯文題目禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究學(xué)生姓名張文娟學(xué)號2008105421專業(yè)電氣工程及自動化班級20081096指導(dǎo)教師楊力森評閱教師完成日期2012年1月12日禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究禁止操作區(qū)受限的經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度粒子群優(yōu)化算法的研究操作區(qū)時就需要很長一段時間。FAN和MCDONALD用了兩次拉姆達(dá)的迭代來解決有操作禁區(qū)區(qū)域的受限經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問題。HOPFIELD神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)過去常單獨使用3和文獻(xiàn)4，以解決非凸經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度優(yōu)化問題。許多參數(shù)的調(diào)整必須為HOPFIELD網(wǎng)絡(luò)做出來，以確保其一致性和銜接到一個可行的解決方案中去。本文探討使用改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)5來解決一些有禁止作業(yè)區(qū)的單位的約束經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度問題。應(yīng)用“近”最好方案升級調(diào)查，該技術(shù)是一種并行人口為基礎(chǔ)的搜尋方法，每個迭代包括候選方案的全體人口。以雙方速度優(yōu)化的形式，以每個人在人口更新其內(nèi)部問題空間中的位置的方式，改良粒子群優(yōu)化技術(shù)被運用到原始的粒子群優(yōu)化算法中來。這是旨在阻止個人在問題限制區(qū)以外的可探尋地區(qū)活動，并降低這種算法導(dǎo)致的現(xiàn)今局部最小值的風(fēng)險。由于沒有梯度信息的擬議技術(shù)的利用，它可以應(yīng)用到一類非常廣泛的優(yōu)化問題中來，包括約束和限制優(yōu)化問題，仿真結(jié)果表明，無需梯度信息，該技術(shù)達(dá)到很好的精度，并且使用非常簡單的算術(shù)和邏輯運算而無需任何額外的調(diào)整參數(shù)。2．問題陳述．問題陳述考慮一些有禁止操作區(qū)單位的約束調(diào)度問題，應(yīng)儲備的數(shù)學(xué)公式如下在這里I所有在線機(jī)組指數(shù)；發(fā)電成本（元/時）；第I號機(jī)組產(chǎn)生的功率（單位兆瓦）；第I號機(jī)組的成本系數(shù)函數(shù)；所上線機(jī)組的全集。受以下限制（1）功率平衡在此傳輸損耗（兆瓦）；總負(fù)荷需求（兆瓦）；