簡介：附錄A原文ASIMULATIONOFARCGENERATIONATACDCNEUTRALSECTIONOFELECTRICRAILWAYYOUNGSOOHAN,KYUHYOUNGCHOIABSTRACTTHISPAPERPROVIDESANEXPERIMENTALANDTHEORETICALANALYSISOFTHEARCDISCHARGESGENERATEDBETWEENCONTACTWIREANDPANTOGRAPHOFHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYAVIDEOBASEDARCDETECTIONDEVICEISINSTALLEDONTHEKTXTRAIN,ANDARCDISCHARGESAREMEASUREDFORA4587KMTRACKSECTIONOFHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYINKOREAITISMEASUREDTHATTHERATEOFCONTACTLOSSIS03WHICHISLOWERTHANTHEREGULATEDVALUEOF10FORHIGHSPEEDTRAIN,ANDARCDISCHARGESINDUCEDBY21SMALLSIZECONTACTLOSSESAND6MEDIUMSIZECONTACTLOSSESOCCURCONTINUOUSLYALONGTHETRACKTHEPOWEROFARCDISCHARGEBETWEENCONTACTWIREANDPANTOGRAPHISCALCULATEDAS90225KWWHICHISAPPROXIMATELYONEHUNDREDTHOFTHATOFTHEARCDISCHARGESGENERATEDATTHENEUTRALSECTIONOFCONTACTWIRETHERESULTSOFTHEMEASUREMENTANDTHEANALYSISSUPPOSETHATASTUDYBEFOLLOWEDTOSUPPRESSARCDISCHARGESANDCONTACTWIREDAMAGESFORTHESAFEOPERATIONOFHIGHSPEEDRAILWAYINDEXTERMSELECTRICRAILWAYARCDISCHARGECONTACTLOSSCONTACTWIREPANTOGRAPHNEUTRALSECTIONINOMENCLATURES/SSUBSTATIONOFELECTRICRAILWAYSPSECTIONINGPOSTSSPSUBSECTIONINGPOSTATAUTOTRANSFORMERTFTROLLEYFEEDERAFAUTOTRANSFORMERFEEDERFPWFAULTPROTECTIVEWIRENWNEUTRALWIRENSNEUTRALSECTIONCCTVCLOSEDCIRCUITTELEVISIONEMIELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCELANLOCALAREANETWORKMCBMAINCIRCUITBREAKERKTXKOREATRAINEXPRESSIIINTRODUCTIONCATENARYSYSTEMSPLAYAIMPORTANTROLEINSUPPLYINGELECTRICPOWERWITHOUTINTERRUPTIONTOTRAINSMOVINGFASTTHEPANTOGRAPHSINSTALLEDONTRAINCOLLECTCURRENTSFORTRACTIONWHILEKEEPINGINCONTACTWITHTHECATENARYSYSTEMARCDISCHARGESOCCURTHECONTACTLOSSPHENOMENAARECLASSIFIEDINTOTHREEGROUPSACCORDINGTOTHEIRDURATIONSMALLSIZE,MEDIUMSIZEANDLARGESIZESMALLSIZECONTACTLOSSISINDUCEDBYDELICATEVIBRATIONOFPANTOGRAPH,ANDCONTINUESFORSEVERALTENTHSOFASECONDMEDIUMSIZECONTACTLOSSESOCCURWHENTRAINSPASSTHROUGHTHEUNEVENSTIFFPOINTOFTHECONTACTWIRE,ANDCONTINUESFORASECONDANDBELOWLARGESIZECONTACTLOSSES,CONTINUINGFORSEVERALSECONDS,AREINDUCEDBYJUMPINGMOVEMENTSOFPANTOGRAPHAFTERPASSINGTHROUGHBRACKETSUPPORTINGPOINTSOFCONTACTWIRECONTACTWIRESHAVESEVERALNEUTRALSECTIONSINSULATEDFROMOTHERPARTSOFCONTACTWIRES,INOTHERWORDSDEADSECTIONS,WHICHDIVIDETHESECTIONSHAVINGDIFFERENTPHASESANDDIFFERENTSUPPLYVOLTAGESSUCHASAC25,000VORDC1,500VTRAINSSHOULDGOINTOTHENEUTRALSECTIONSAFTERMAKINGNOTCHOFFOPERATIONWHICHBREAKSTHETRAINCURRENTBYMCB,OTHERWISETHETRAINCURRENTISINTERRUPTEDBYTHENEUTRALSECTIONWHICHRESULTINALARGEARCDISCHARGEBETWEENTHECONTACTWIREANDTHEPANTOGRAPHASSHOWNINFIG2THISARCDISCHARGEALSOHAPPENSWHENTRAINGOINTOTHEVOLTAGESUPPLIEDSECTIONFROMTHENEUTRALSECTION

簡介：1英文文獻英文文獻SMARTCARDFORSMARTCAMPUSKFUPMCASESTUDYTALA1HALAWANIANDMOHAMEDMOHANDESKINGFAHDUNIVERSITYOFPETROLEUMANDMINERALSMOHANDESKFUUMEDUSAABSTRACTSMARTCARDISTHELATESTADDITIONINTHEWORLDOFINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYTHEVISIONOFTHESMARTCARDPROGRAMISTOPROVIDEACCESSTOSERVICESTHATISSECURE,FAST,FRIENDLY,EASYTOUSE,FLEXIBLE,PERSONAL,ANDISACCESSIBLEBYTHEUSERSKOMANYPLACEATANYTIMEASMARTCARDISOFTHESIZEOFACONVENTIONALCREDITCARDWITHANEMBEDDEDCOMPUTERCHIPTHATSTORESANDTRANSACTSDATABETWEENUSERSANDDEVICESTHISDATAISASSOCIATEDWITHEITHERVALUEORINFORMATIONORBOTHANDISSTOREDANDPROCESSEDWITHINTHECHIPOFTHECARDTHECARDDATAISTRANSACTEDVIAACARDREADERATTACHEDTOACOMPUTINGSYSTEMASAPERIPHERALDEVICESMARTCARDSAREEXTENSIVELYUSEDTHROUGHSEVERALKEYAPPLICATIONSLIKEEDUCATION,HEALTHCARE,BANKING,ENTERTAINMENT,ANDTRANSPORTATION1INTRODUCTIONSMARTCARDISAMINICOMPUTERCAPABLEOFSTORINGANDPROCESSINGDATAALTHOUGH,ATPRESENT,THEYAREMOSTPOPULARASSINGLEFUNCTIONCASHCARDSANDLONGDISTANCECALLINGCARDS,THEIRCAPABILITIESRANGEFROMRETAININGTICKETS,MONEY,FREQUENTFLYERMILES,TRAVELPREFERENCES,INSURANCEINFORMATION,KEYDEMOGRAPHICDATA,LINKSTOAPATIENT’SMEDICALRECORDS,TOALLOWINGACCESSINTOABUILDING,LOGGINGONTOANETWORK,ETCTHEPOTENTIALOFTHESMARTCARDISLIMITLESSWITHTHEADDEDBONUSOFTHESEFUNCTIONSBEINGPERFORMEDONASINGLECARD,SMARTCARDSHAVETHEABILITYTOBECOMEINDISPENSABLETOOLSSMARTCARDSWEREFIRSTINTRODUCEDINEUROPEACOUPLEOFDECADESAGOASASTORED3PINMUSTBESTOREDINTHEHOSTSYSTEMINASECUREENVIRONMENT,INSTEADOFONTHEMAGNETICSTRIPMOSTSYSTEMSTHATEMPLOYMAGNETICSTRIPCARDSHAVEONLINECONNECTIONSTOTHESYSTEM’SHOSTCOMPUTERFORSECURITYREASONSHOWEVER,THISGENERATESCONSIDERABLEDATATRANSMISSIONCOSTSTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHESMARTCARD,COMBINEDWITHTHEEXPANSIONOFELECTRONICDATAPROCESSINGHASCREATEDCOMPLETELYNEWPOSSIBILITIESFORSOLVINGTHISPROBLEMPROGRESSINMICROELECTRONICSINTHE1970’SMADEITPOSSIBLETOINTEGRATEDATASTORAGEANDARITHMETICLOGICONASINGLESILICONCHIPMEASURINGAFEWSQUAREMILLIMETERS2THEIDEASOFINCORPORATINGSUCHANINTEGRATEDCIRCUITINTOANIDCARDWASCONTAINEDINAPATENTAPPLICATIONFILEDINJAPANBYKUNITAKAARIMURAINJAPANCONCERNING“APLASTICCARDINCORPORATINGONEORMOREINTEGRATEDCIRCUITCHIPSFORTHEGENERATIONOFDISTINGUISHINGSIGNALS”IN19703HOWEVER,THEFIRSTREALPROGRESSINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSMARTCARDSCAMEWHENRONALMORENOREGISTEREDHISSMARTCARDPATENTON“ANINDEPENDENTELECTRONICOBJECTWITHMEMORY”INFRANCEIN1974ABREAKTHROUGHWASACHIEVEDIN1984,WHENTHEFRENCHTELECOMMUNICATIONAUTHORITIESDECIDEDTOUSEPREPAIDCHIPCARDSFORPUBLICPAYPHONESDUETOTHEINCREASINGVANDALISMANDTHEFTCHIPCARDSWEREDEMONSTRATEDTOBEACOSTEFFECTIVESOLUTIONTHEFRENCHEXAMPLEWASFOLLOWEDBYMANYOTHERCOUNTRIESTODAY,MORETHAN100COUNTRIESUSECHIPCARDSFORTHEIRPUBLICPHONESYSTEMSBY1990THETOTALNUMBEROFSMARTCARDSREACHED60MILLIONCARDS4TODAY,SEVERALBILLIONSMARTCARDSAREINUSEWORLDWIDE3TYPESOFSMARTCARDSSMARTCARDSARECOMPOSEDOFACHIP,ANINTERFACEBETWEENTHECHIPANDTHECARDREADER,ANDAPLASTICBODYSMARTCARDSARECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHECHIPTYPEMEMORYCHIPCARDSASWELLASMICROPROCESSORCHIPCARDSTHEYCANALSOBECLASSIFIEDACCORDINGTOTHEMETHODOFCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHEREADERCARDSMAYCOMMUNICATEWITHREADERSEITHERTHROUGHDIRECTPHYSICALCONTACTSCONTACTCARDSORTHROUGHARADIOKEQUENCYSIGNALSCONTACTLESSCARDS

簡介：附錄附錄2外文翻譯外文翻譯ROBUSTANALYSISOFFEATURESPACESCOLORIMAGESEGMENTATIONABSTRACTAGENERALTECHNIQUEFORTHERECOVERYOFSIGNIFICANTIMAGEFEATURESISPRESENTEDTHETECHNIQUEISBASEDONTHEMEANSHIFTALGORITHM,ASIMPLENONPARAMETRICPROCEDUREFORESTIMATINGDENSITYGRADIENTSDRAWBACKSOFTHECURRENTMETHODSINCLUDINGROBUSTCLUSTERINGAREAVOIDEDFEATURESPACEOFANYNATURECANBEPROCESSED,ANDASANEXAMPLE,COLORIMAGESEGMENTATIONISDISCUSSEDTHESEGMENTATIONISCOMPLETELYAUTONOMOUS,ONLYITSCLASSISCHOSENBYTHEUSERTHUS,THESAMEPROGRAMCANPRODUCEAHIGHQUALITYEDGEIMAGE,ORPROVIDE,BYEXTRACTINGALLTHESIGNIFICANTCOLORS,APREPROCESSORFORCONTENTBASEDQUERYSYSTEMSA512512COLORIMAGEISANALYZEDIN?LESSTHAN10SECONDSONASTANDARDWORKSTATIONGRAYLEVELIMAGESAREHANDLEDASCOLORIMAGESHAVINGONLYTHELIGHTNESSCOORDINATEKEYWORDSROBUSTPATTERNANALYSIS,LOWLEVELVISION,CONTENTBASEDINDEXINGINFORMATIONMUSTBEPROVIDEDBYTHEUSER,ANDFORMULTIMODALDISTRIBUTIONSITISDIFFICULTTOGUESSTHEOPTIMALSETTINGNEVERTHELESS,ARELIABLEGENERALTECHNIQUEFORFEATURESPACEANALYSISCANBEDEVELOPEDUSINGASIMPLENONPARAMETRICDENSITYESTIMATIONALGORITHMINTHISPAPERWEPROPOSESUCHATECHNIQUEWHOSEROBUSTBEHAVIORISSUPERIORTOMETHODSEMPLOYINGROBUSTESTIMATORSFROMSTATISTICS2REQUIREMENTSFORROBUSTNESSESTIMATIONOFACLUSTERCENTERISCALLEDINSTATISTICSTHEMULTIVARIATELOCATIONPROBLEMTOBEROBUST,ANESTIMATORMUSTTOLERATEAPERCENTAGEOFOUTLIERS,IE,DATAPOINTSNOTOBEYINGTHEUNDERLYINGDISTRIBUTIONOFTHECLUSTERNUMEROUSROBUSTTECHNIQUESWEREPROPOSED,ANDINCOMPUTERVISIONTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDISTHEMINIMUMVOLUMEELLIPSOIDMVEESTIMATORPROPOSEDBYROUSSEEUWTHEMVEESTIMATORISAFFINEEQUIVARIANTANAFFINETRANSFORMATIONOFTHEINPUTISPASSEDONTOTHEESTIMATEANDHASHIGHBREAKDOWNPOINTTOLERATESUPTOHALFTHEDATABEINGOUTLIERSTHEESTIMATORFINDSTHECENTEROFTHEHIGHESTDENSITYREGIONBYSEARCHINGFORTHEMINIMALVOLUMEELLIPSOIDCONTAININGATLEASTHDATAPOINTSTHEMULTIVARIATELOCATIONESTIMATEISTHECENTEROFTHISELLIPSOIDTOAVOIDCOMBINATORIALEXPLOSIONAPROBABILISTICSEARCHISEMPLOYEDLETTHEDIMENSIONOFTHEDATABEPASMALLNUMBEROFP1TUPLEOFPOINTSARERANDOMLYCHOSENFOREACHP1TUPLETHEMEANVECTORANDCOVARIANCEMATRIXARECOMPUTED,DEFININGANELLIPSOIDTHEELLIPSOIDISINATEDTOINCLUDEHPOINTS,ANDTHEONEHAVINGTHEMINIMUMVOLUMEPROVIDESTHEMVEESTIMATEBASEDONMVE,AROBUSTCLUSTERINGTECHNIQUEWITHAPPLICATIONSINCOMPUTERVISIONWASPROPOSEDINTHEDATAISANALYZEDUNDERSEVERAL\RESOLUTIONS“BYAPPLYINGTHEMVEESTIMATORREPEATEDLYWITHHVALUESREPRESENTINGFIXEDPERCENTAGESOFTHEDATAPOINTSTHEBESTCLUSTERTHENCORRESPONDSTOTHEHVALUEYIELDINGTHEHIGHESTDENSITYINSIDETHEMINIMUMVOLUMEELLIPSOIDTHECLUSTERISREMOVEDFROMTHEFEATURESPACE,ANDTHEWHOLEPROCEDUREISREPEATEDTILLTHESPACEISNOTEMPTYTHEROBUSTNESSOFMVESHOULDENSURETHATEACHCLUSTERISASSOCIATEDWITHONLYONEMODEOFTHEUNDERLYINGDISTRIBUTIONTHENUMBEROFSIGNIFICANTCLUSTERSISNOTNEEDEDAPRIORITHEROBUSTCLUSTERINGMETHODWASSUCCESSFULLYEMPLOYEDFORTHEANALYSISOFALARGEVARIETYOFFEATURESPACES,BUTWASFOUNDTOBECOMELESSRELIABLEONCETHENUMBEROFMODESEXCEEDEDTENTHISISMAINLYDUETOTHENORMALITYASSUMPTIONEMBEDDED

簡介：附表附表3外文翻譯外文翻譯出處出處ENERGYANDBUILDINGS,2002,342155162歐洲辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其改善歐洲辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其改善摘要摘要室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量（簡稱IEQ）是辦公建筑的一個重要的質(zhì)量方面。這種觀點在歐洲的一種新的方法論和軟件中得到認(rèn)可，這種方法論和軟件是針對改善辦公建筑的。（改善辦公建筑的研究簡稱TOBUS）在改善辦公建筑的研究中，把居住者對室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的不滿做了一個詳細(xì)列表，同時這個列表也被作為建筑物和供熱通風(fēng)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)特性的一個列表。根據(jù)建筑物和系統(tǒng)的特性與建筑物的用途之間的關(guān)系，可以找到引起問題的不同的可能性原因，并且可以選擇改善的可能性措施。一種關(guān)系方案應(yīng)包括以下這些關(guān)系研究對象及其類型，辦公建筑內(nèi)居住人員的抱怨，引起這些抱怨的可能性原因以及消除這些抱怨的措施之間的關(guān)系。而且，這種關(guān)系方案還要包括與所選的研究對象無關(guān)的原因和措施。用來定性和定量研究建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量特性的程序也已給出。這篇文章描述了在歐洲的12座建筑中集中在室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量方面的調(diào)查結(jié)果。這篇文章也提到了這個領(lǐng)域研究的一些討論和結(jié)論，都是與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量及其用到的方法和程序相關(guān)的。O2002ELSEVIERSCIENCEBV版權(quán)所有。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量；改善辦公建筑的研究；辦公建筑；調(diào)查問卷1序言室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量是辦公建筑的一個重要方面。從建筑物內(nèi)居住人員的角度來看，理想的狀況應(yīng)該是這樣一種室內(nèi)環(huán)境，它能使所有的居住人員滿意（就是他們沒有抱怨），并且不會不必要地增加疾病和受傷的危險性和嚴(yán)重性。按照歐洲的89/106/EWG條例，建設(shè)項目必須以這樣一種方式來進行設(shè)計和建造，即它不會對居住者和鄰居的衛(wèi)生和健康造成威脅。按世界衛(wèi)生組織所言，“健康是一種完全的身體，精神和社交的健康狀態(tài)，而且不僅僅是缺少疾病和衰弱。”不健康的室內(nèi)環(huán)境將會導(dǎo)致雇員的生產(chǎn)效率下降，并且致使因病離職的人數(shù)增加。我們現(xiàn)在面對的問題是居住人員的健康狀況遠(yuǎn)不夠理想。我們創(chuàng)造一種更健康解決問題的措施↓←相互影響最適宜的解決方法表1改善辦公建筑的室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量的方法第一步考察前收集信息來找出建筑物內(nèi)存在的與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的問題（抱怨或是評論）。作一個清單，用來收集從建筑管理人員和技術(shù)人員那里得到的關(guān)于建筑結(jié)構(gòu)及服務(wù)的信息。作一個調(diào)查問卷，收集居住人員可以察覺到的舒適和不滿的信念。下面這些程序組成第一步?分發(fā)和收集居住人員的調(diào)查問卷（包括對居住者的選擇，這也會收到一種調(diào)查問卷）和建筑管理人員的清單?分析調(diào)查問卷和建筑管理人員的清單?對問題列表（包括不滿和評論）以及與研究對象相關(guān)或無關(guān)的原因進行推斷?選擇要考察的辦公室和研究對象第二步考察在第一步中發(fā)現(xiàn)的每一個問題，都可以找到一個可能的原因。在給審核員的列表清單中提供了一些與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的額外信息，而這些信息是不可以從居住人員的調(diào)查問卷和建筑管理人員的清單中獲得的。下面這些程序組成第二步；?審核員根據(jù)清單作出觀點評價?選擇問題的起因?選擇與室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量相關(guān)的研究對象第三步考察后分析所有收集的信息，準(zhǔn)確的找出問題的起因，給出由研究對象引發(fā)的問題的解決措施，并且對不是由研究對象引發(fā)的問題提出建議。下面這些程序組成第三步；?選擇室內(nèi)環(huán)境改善措施?檢查其相互影響?確定室內(nèi)環(huán)境質(zhì)量特性21關(guān)系方案

簡介：RELIABILITYENGINEERINGANDSYSTEMSAFETY932008410–422PROBABILISTICMODELSFORTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEINDEGRADINGREINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURESBSUDRET?ELECTRICITE′DEFRANCE,RSPACEVARIANTRELIABILITYTIMEVARIANTRELIABILITYDEGRADATIONMODELSCONCRETECARBONATIONREBARSCORROSIONRANDOMFIELDSEOLEMETHOD1INTRODUCTIONPROBABILISTICMODELSOFCONCRETEDEGRADATIONHAVEBEENINTENSIVELYSTUDIEDINTHEPAST10YEARSTHEMOSTIMPORTANTDEGRADATIONMECHANISMCONSIDEREDINTHELITERATUREISTHECORROSIONOFTHEREBARSDUETOCHLORIDEINGRESSINTHECONCRETEMASSORCONCRETECARBONATIONTHISMECHANISMISOFUTMOSTIMPORTANCEINTHEAGEINGOFBRIDGESTRUCTURESTHATARESUBMITTEDTODEICINGSALTS,ORANYSTRUCTUREINAMARINEENVIRONMENT1–4AUTHORSHAVEFOCUSEDONTHEPREDICTIONOFTHEINITIATIONTIMEFORCORROSIONAND/ORTHEESTIMATIONOFTHERESIDUALSTRENGTHOFSTRUCTURESRECENTADVANCESINTHISFIELDHAVEPOINTEDOUTTHENECESSITYOFMODELLINGTHESPATIALVARIABILITYOFTHEMODELPARAMETERSINORDERTOBEABLETOCHARACTERIZE,NOTONLYTHEPROBABILITYOFDEGRADATION,BUTALSOTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGE5–7THISEXTENTOFDAMAGEISTHENATURALVARIABLETHATCHARACTERIZESTHEGLOBALSTATEOFDAMAGEOFTHESTRUCTURE,ANDTHATMAYBEUSEDINOPTIMIZINGMAINTENANCEPOLICIES5,8–10INTHISPAPER,AGENERALFORMULATIONFORSPATIALLYVARIABLEDEGRADATIONMODELSISPROPOSEDTHESOCALLEDPOINTINSPACEANDSPACEVARIANTRELIABILITYPROBLEMSARERECALLEDINSECTION211THENTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEISGIVENAPROPERDEFINITION,FROMWHICHANALYTICALDERIVATIONSARECARRIEDOUTINORDERTOCOMPUTEITSFIRSTTWOSTATISTICALMOMENTSSECTION3EFFICIENTIMPLEMENTATIONSOFTHESEFORMULAEBASEDONTHEFIRSTORDERRELIABILITYMETHODFORMANDMONTECARLOSIMULATIONMCSAREPROPOSEDINSECTION4INORDERTOEVALUATETHEACCURACYOFTHEANALYTICALAPPROACH,ANALTERNATIVEFRAMEWORKFORTHEDIRECTESTIMATIONOFTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEBYMCSISPROPOSEDTHISREQUIRESTHEUSEOFRANDOMFIELDDISCRETIZATIONTECHNIQUESANDTHEPOSTPROCESSINGOFTHESIMULATIONRESULTSBOTHAPPROACHESCALLED‘‘ANALYTICAL’’AND‘‘FIELDDISCRETIZATION’’ARTICLEINPRESSWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/RESS09518320/SEEFRONTMATTERR2007ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JRESS200612019?TEL33160736559FAX33160737748EMAILADDRESSBRUNOSUDRETEDFFRTHEFAILURESTATEFULLYDAMAGEDTHISISOFCOURSEACOARSESIMPLIFICATIONOFTHEREALWORLDMOREOVER,THISDOESNOTALLOWTOCHARACTERIZETHEEXTENTOFDAMAGETOADDRESSTHISISSUE,ADDITIONALNOTATIONSHALLBEINTRODUCEDSUPPOSETHATTHESTRUCTUREUNDERCONSIDERATIONOCCUPIESAVOLUMED?RD,WHERED?12OR3THECASED?1CORRESPONDSTOMODELLINGBEAMORARCHSTRUCTURES,THECASED?2TOPLATEORSHELLSTRUCTURESINORDERTOADDRESSTHEPROBLEMOFSPATIALVARIABILITY,THEINPUTRANDOMVECTORINEQ2SHOULDBEREPLACEDBYMMULTIVARIATESCALARRANDOMFIELDSGATHEREDINAVECTORZDXT,WHEREX2DISTHESPATIALCOORDINATETHEPROBABILISTICDESCRIPTIONOFTHESEFIELDSISYETTOBESPECIFIEDNOTETHATINPRACTICETHEFOLLOWINGASSUMPTIONSUSUALLYAPPLY?THESPATIALVARIABILITYOFCERTAINCOMPONENTSOFZISNEGLIGIBLETHEYAREACCORDINGLYMODELLEDASRANDOMVARIABLESASACONSEQUENCE,ONLYASMALLNUMBEROFSCALARRANDOMFIELDSHAVETOBESPECIFIEDINPRACTICEHOWEVER,FORTHESAKEOFSIMPLICITY,THEMOSTGENERALNOTATIONZDXTISKEPTINTHISSECTION?THERANDOMFIELDCOMPONENTSAREHOMOGENEOUSFIELDSTHISISDUETOTHEFACTTHATTHESIZEOFTHESTRUCTUREISUSUALLYSMALLCOMPAREDTOTHESCALEOFFLUCTUATIONOFTHEPARAMETERSDRIVINGTHEDEGRADATIONEGENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSSUCHASSURFACECHLORIDEORCARBONDIOXIDECONCENTRATION,ETCINTHESPACEVARIANTCONTEXT,THELIMITSTATEFUNCTIONINEQ4SHOULDBEREPLACEDBYGDZDXTTT?ˉD?MDZDXTTT5THEPOINTINSPACEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREISDEFINEDINEACHX2RDASFOLLOWSPFDXTT?ZGDZDXTTTP0FZDXTDZTDZ?E?1FGDZDXTTTP0GDZTT?6ITISCOMPUTEDBYFREEZINGXIEREPLACINGTHERANDOMFIELDZDXTBYTHECORRESPONDINGRANDOMVECTORANDT,ANDBYAPPLYINGSTANDARDTIMEINVARIANTRELIABILITYMETHODSMCS,FORM/SORM,ETCNOTETHATIFTHERANDOMFIELDZDXTISHOMOGENEOUS,THENTHESAMERELIABILITYPROBLEMISPOSEDATWHATEVERTHEPOSITIONOFTHEPOINTXUNDERCONSIDERATIONTHUS,THEPOINTINSPACEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREISINDEPENDENTOFXINTHISCASETHESPACEVARIANTPROBABILITYOFFAILUREISDEFINED,FORANYSUBDOMAINH?DBY11PFDHTT?PD9X2HGDZDXTTTP0T?PX2HGDZDXTTTP0D7TTHISQUANTITYISTHE‘‘SPATIAL’’COUNTERPARTOFTHESOCALLEDCUMULATIVEPROBABILITYOFFAILUREINTIMEVARIANTRELIABILITYPROBLEMS15WHENTHEDAMAGEMEASUREISRELATEDTOSERVICEABILITYOFTHESTRUCTUREEGAPPARITIONOFCRACKSORREBARSLOSSOFDIAMETERANDNOTDIRECTLYRELATEDTOTHECOLLAPSEOFTHESTRUCTURE,NONEOFTHEABOVEQUANTITIESARESUFFICIENTTOCHARACTERIZETHEGLOBALSTATEOFAGEINGOFTHESTRUCTUREINDEED,EQ6ISBYDEFINITIONALOCALQUANTITYATPOINTXEQ7REFERSTOTHEPROBABILITYTHATTHEREISATLEASTONEPOINTINSUBDOMAINHWHERETHELOCALDAMAGECRITERIONISATTAINEDTHISPROBABILITYISLIKELYTOBECLOSETOONE,WITHOUTMEANINGTHATTHESTRUCTUREISCLOSETOSTRUCTURALFAILUREINCONTRAST,THEEXTENTOFDAMAGEISOFMAJORINTEREST,ESPECIALLYFORTHECOMPARISONOFMAINTENANCEPOLICIES,SEEEG5,83EXTENTOFDAMAGE31DEFINITIONTHEEXTENTOFDAMAGEISDEFINEDATEACHTIMEINSTANTTASTHEMEASUREOFTHESUBDOMAINOFDINWHICHTHELOCALFAILURECRITERIONISATTAINEDEDDTT?ZD1FGDZDXTTTP0GDXTDX8NOTETHATEDDTTISASCALARRANDOMVARIABLESINCETHEINTEGRALOVERXISDEFINEDFOREACHREALIZATIONOFTHEINPUTRANDOMFIELD,SAYZDXTITISPOSITIVEVALUEDANDISBYDEFINITIONBOUNDEDBYTHEVOLUMEOFTHESTRUCTUREINRDDENOTEDBYJDJAGAIN,DUETOTHEMONOTONYOFDEGRADATIONPHENOMENA,EACHREALIZATIONOFEDDTT,SAYEDDTTISACONTINUOUSLYINCREASINGFUNCTIONOFTIME32MEANANDVARIANCEBYTAKINGTHEEXPECTATIO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簡介：MENTALHEALTHACKNOWLEDGMENTSAREINORDERFORTHEMANYFACULTYANDFAMILYMEMBERSWHOHAVEPROVIDEDSUPPORT,GUIDANCE,ANDENCOURAGEMENTTHROUGHOUTTHISPROCESSIAMAPPRECIATIVEOFTHEHELPTHATEACHPERSONHASGIVENIWISHTOTHANKTHOSEFACULTYMEMBERSWHOEACHCONTRIBUTEDTOMYINCREASEDUNDERSTANDINGOFTHISPROCESS,THESUBJECTMATTER,ANDTHEIMPORTANCEOFRIGOROUSRESEARCHIAMESPECIALLYTHANKFULFORTHECONSISTENTSUPPORTANDGUIDANCEFROMMYADVISOR,DAWNANDERSONBUTCHERSHESPENTMANYHOURSSTEERINGMYEFFORTSANDPROVIDINGMEQUALITYFEEDBACKTHATALWAYSALLOWEDMETOTHINKCRITICALLYANDPUSHMYSELFFURTHERTHANIEVERIMAGINEDIWOULDALSOLIKETOTHANKTAMARADAVISFORHERENCOURAGEMENT,ENTHUSIASM,ANDONGOINGSUPPORTFORNOTONLYTHISTHESISBUTFORMYPROFESSIONALDEVELOPMENTASWELLADDITIONALLY,THANKSAREINORDERTOJERRYBEANFORHISALWAYSREFRESHINGPERSPECTIVESANDSOLIDTECHNICALSUPPORTIWOULDALSOLIKETOTHANKTONYAMOROSEFORSTEPPINGINTOPROVIDEEVENFURTHERASSISTANCEANDCONTRIBUTINGGREATLYTOMYUNDERSTANDINGOFDATAANALYSISFINALLY,MANYTHANKSGOTOMYFAMILYWHOHASPROVIDEDENDLESSSUPPORTFROMBEGINNINGTOENDMYMOTHER,SHOLEHMESBAH,ANDSTEPFATHER,WILLIAMSTONE,HAVEDEMONSTRATEDTHEIRLOVEFORMEBYANSWERINGTHEPHONEATALLHOURS,ALLOWINGMETOTALKTHROUGHALLFRUSTRATIONS,ANDENCOURAGINGMETOKEEPMOVINGFORWARDALSO,MYFATHER,MARKBALL,ANDSTEPMOTHER,NILSARAMIREZ,CONSISTENTLYKEPTMEGROUNDEDBYREMINDINGMETHAT,THESISORNOT,EVERYDAYLIFECONTINUESLASTBUTNOTLEAST,IWOULDLIKETOTHANKMYSISTER,AMANDABALLHEROPTIMISM,SUPPORT,ANDLOVEWEREUNWAVERINGACCORDINGTOTHEMOSTRECENTSURGEONGENERAL’SREPORTONMENTALHEALTH,9TO13PERCENTOFALLUSCHILDRENANDADOLESCENTSHAVESERIOUSEMOTIONALDISTURBANCESMOREOVER,21PERCENTOFUSCHILDRENHAVEDIAGNOSABLEMENTALORADDICTIVEDISORDERSUNFORTUNATELY,MOSTOFTHESE“DEFACTOMENTALHEALTHCARESYSTEMFORCHILDREN”INSPITEOFTHISDEFACTOSYSTEM,CHILDREN’SMENTALHEALTHNEEDSREMAINUNMETASARESULT,SCHOOLSAREBEGINNINGTOSEETHERAMIFICATIONSOFTHESEUNMETNEEDSASTHEYPERTAINTOPOORACADEMICACHIEVEMENTAMONGSTUDENTSESSENTIALLY,SCHOOLSHAVEBEENUNABLETOFULLYADDRESSSTUDENTS’MENTALHEALTHNEEDSTHROUGHTRADITIONALPRACTICESANDTRADITIONALMEANSANATIONALSURVEYOFSCHOOLMENTALHEALTHSERVICESRECENTLYREPORTEDTHAT,GENERALLY,FUNDINGFORSCHOOLMENTALHEALTHHASDECREASEDINTHEPAST5YEARSWHILEDEMANDFORSERVICESHASINCREASEDINMOSTDISTRICTSADDITIONALLY,DISTRICTSALSOREPORTEDTHATREFERRALSTOCOMMUNITYBASEDMENTALHEALTHPROVIDERSHAVEINCREASEDBUTTHEAVAILABILITYOFTHESEPRACTITIONERSTOPROVIDESERVICESHASDECREASEDASSTUDENTACADEMICSUCCESSISCLOSELYTIEDTOSOCIALEMOTIONALWELLBEING,SCHOOLCHANGEEFFORTSMUSTBEGINTOADDRESSTHESENEEDSIFTHEYARETOMEETTHEIRACCOUNTABILITIESDOINGSOREQUIRESSCHOOLSTOCONSIDERNEWMODELSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTTHATINCLUDESOCIALEMOTIONALDEVELOPMENTALONGWITHTRADITIONALSTANDARDSBASEDACCOUNTABILITIESTOMEETTHENEEDSOFCHILDRENTODAYANDTOIMPROVEACADEMICOUTCOMESFORALLCHILDREN,ITISIMPERATIVETHATSCHOOLSUTILIZENEWMODELSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTTHATINCLUDEEFFECTIVEMETHODSTOADDRESSMENTALHEALTHNEEDSTHISPROCESS,HOWEVER,WILLINVOLVEACULTURALSHIFTINEDUCATIONALSYSTEMSTHATHAVEHISTORICALLYFOCUSEDONTRADITIONALFORMSOFSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTMOSTTRADITIONALSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTOFTENFOCUSESON“WALLEDINAPPROACHES”SUCHASENHANCEDCURRICULUMALIGNMENT,IMPROVEDINSTRUCTIONALMETHODS,ANDSTANDARDSBASEDACCOUNTABILITIESINADDITION,MOSTCURRENTSCHOOLIMPROVEMENTMODELSARENARROWLYFOCUSEDONRESULTORIENTEDIMPROVEMENTSININSTRUCTIONANDBEHAVIORMANAGEMENTRATHERTHANONSYSTEMWIDEEFFORTSTOADDRESSBARRIERSTOLEARNINGASARESULT,THESEMODELSOFTENMARGINALIZEPROGRAMS,SERVICES,ANDSYSTEMSTHATADDRESSMENTALHEALTHCENTEREDLEARNINGSUPPORTS,RESULTINGINFRAGMENTED

簡介：附錄翻譯原文EXPERIMENTALSTUDYONVISIBILITYOFEXITSIGNSINBUILDINGSLTWONG,KCLODEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGSERVICESENGINEERING,THEHONGKONGPOLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY,HONGKONG,CHINARECEIVED26NOVEMBER2003RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM19JANUARY2006ACCEPTED23FEBRUARY2006ABSTRACTVISIBILITYOFEXITSIGNSINTERMSOFTHEHEIGHTOFTHESIGNCONTENTWASSTUDIEDEXPERIMENTALLYINAN18MINTERNALCORRIDORFOURFACTORSAFFECTINGTHEVISIBILITYINCLUDINGGRAPHICS,COLOURS,LIGHTINGCONDITIONSANDAGESOFTHEOBSERVERSWEREINVESTIGATEDCOMBINATIONSOFDESIGNATIONSCONTAININGTHEENGLISHANDCHINESEWORDSEXIT,FIVEDIRECTIONALINDICATORSANDTWOEXITSYMBOLSINDIFFERENTCOLOURSUNDERNORMALANDEMERGENCYLIGHTINGCONDITIONSWEREPRESENTEDTO30OBSERVERSOFDIFFERENTAGEGROUPSTODETERMINETHEIRVISIBILITYTHESIGNHEIGHTSDETECTED,IDENTIFIEDANDIDENTIFIEDWITHCONFIDENCEWEREMEASUREDINCREASEDHEIGHTFORCORRECTIDENTIFICATIONWASFOUNDFORANEXITSIGNCONTAININGTWOSYMBOLSASCOMPAREDTOASIGNCONTAININGONLYONESYMBOLAGREENEXITSIGNWASREPORTEDTOBEHIGHLYVISIBLEITWASALSOREPORTEDTHATATREDUCEDILLUMINATION,THESIGNHEIGHTFORCORRECTIDENTIFICATIONINCREASED?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONEMERGENCYEXITSIGNSAREINSTALLEDTOPROVIDEMARKINGSOFEXITSANDESCAPEROUTESINBUILDINGSANDSHOULDBEABLETOASSISTTHEOCCUPANTSTOLEAVETHEBUILDINGSEFFECTIVELYINCASEOFEMERGENCY1,2EXITSIGNISANESSENTIALINSTALLATIONINBUILDINGSANDTHESPECIFICATIONSARESTATEDINDESIGNGUIDESANDREGULATIONS3–6THOUSANDSOFEXITSIGNSCANBEFOUNDINMANYHIGHRISEBUILDINGSINHONGKONG,EXITSIGNSCONTAININGTHEWORDEXITINENGLISHANDCHINESEOFNOTLESSTHAN125MMHEIGHTARESPECIFIEDFORLOCALBUILDINGS5,6ASIGNSHALLBEDESIGNEDWITHACOMBINATIONOFDIRECTIONALINDICATOR,SYMBOLANDWORDSWHILETHEGENERALDESIGNSHALLFOLLOWTHESTANDARDSPECIFIED4,THECHINESEWORDSHALLREACHAMINIMUMWIDTHOF15MMINVERTICALSTROKESAND10MMINHORIZONTALSTROKES5MOREOVER,THECOLOURPAIROFSIGNCONTENTANDBACKGROUNDSHALLBEGREENANDWHITEGWORWHITEANDGREENWG5,THOUGHBLACKANDGREENBGISBEINGUSEDINSOMEEXISTINGBUILDINGS6COMPREHENSIBLESYMBOLS,WORDSANDDIRECTIONALINDICATORSFOREXITDESIGNATIONWERESTUDIEDANDAPPLIEDTOEXITSIGNDESIGNS7–10BOTHSIGNAGEDESIGNANDILLUMINATIONCONDITIONSAFFECTTHEVISIBILITYOFANEXITSIGN11THECHANGESINVISIBILITYWITHSIZEANDLUMINANCEINTERMSOFTHEVISUALANGLEWERESTUDIEDBYJINETAL13INCREASINGTHECONTRASTOFTHEARROW,ENLARGINGTHEAREAOFTHECHEVRONANDCHANGINGTHEA300MMWIDEWHITESIGNCONTAININGTHEWORDEXITOF150MMHEIGHTWOULDBEIDENTIFIEDCORRECTLYATAMEANDISTANCEOF30M3INHONGKONG,ANEXITSIGNDESIGNEDWITHTHEWORDEXITINENGLISHANDCHINESEANDANEXITSYMBOLOFARUNNINGPERSONISSPECIFIEDFORLOCALBUILDINGS5,6,ANDADIRECTIONALINDICATORSHALLBEUSEDINADIRECTIONALSIGNWITHANEXITSYMBOLORTHEENGLISHANDCHINESEWORDSEXITSYMBOLSE1,E2,WORDSW1,W2ANDDIRECTIONALINDICATORSD1TOD5USEDINTHISSTUDYARESHOWNINTABLE1THEFOLLOWINGARETHEIRSOURCESTHEGRAPHICSOFAPERSONRUNNINGTHROUGHANOPENDOORE17–10ANDAPERSONRUNNINGAWAYFROMFIREE25FROMCURRENTCODESWEREUSEDASTHEEXITSYMBOLSE2ISBELIEVEDTOBEAGOODEXITINDICATIONANDPRESCRIBEDINTHELOCALCODE6THEENGLISHWORDEXITW1CONTRIBUTEDTOACCURATEIDENTIFICATIONOFEXITMESSAGES7–10ANDHASBEENWIDELYADOPTEDINDESIGNGUIDESANDSTANDARDS3–6THECHINESEWORDFOREXITW2HASALSOBEENSPECIFIEDFORLOCALAPPLICATIONS56VISIBILITYOFDIRECTIONALINDICATORSANDTHEIREFFECTIVENESSININDICATINGDIRECTIONWERESTUDIEDEXTENSIVELY7–10ACHEVROND1WASIDENTIFIEDASTHEMOSTVISIBLEANDEFFECTIVEDIRECTIONALINDICATORANDRECOMMENDEDFORBUILDINGENVIRONMENT3ALTERNATIVELY,AN‘ANGELFISH’D2WASFOUNDTOBEEYECATCHINGANDATRIANGLED3OFINCREASEDAREARELATEDTOD1WOULDBEEASILYVISIBLE11,12ANARROWCONTAININGACHEVRONWITHA‘TAIL’D4PRESCRIBEDINBRITISHSTANDARD4HASBEENUSEDINLOCALBUILDINGS5,6ATRIANGLEWITHA‘TAIL’D5WASHYPOTHESIZEDTOHAVEINCREASEDVISIBILITYBECAUSEOFITSINCREASEDAREARELATINGTOTHEARROWD411,12

簡介：1中文中文6070字出處出處ACISTRUCTURALJOURNAL,2002,995美國混凝土協(xié)會結(jié)構(gòu)期刊技術(shù)卷標(biāo)題編號99S71應(yīng)用新型延性纖維增強聚合物對混凝土梁的加固應(yīng)用新型延性纖維增強聚合物對混凝土梁的加固作者NABILFGRACE,GEORGEABELSAYED,WAELFRAGHEB摘要一種新型單向延性纖維增強聚合（FRP）物已經(jīng)被研究，研制和生產(chǎn)（在勞倫斯理工大學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)試驗中心）以用于結(jié)構(gòu)加固。這種織物是兩種碳纖維和一種玻璃纖維的混合物，而且經(jīng)過設(shè)計它們在受拉屈服時應(yīng)變值較低，從而體現(xiàn)出偽延性的性能。通過對八根混凝土梁在彎曲荷載作用下的加固和檢測對研制中的織物的效果和延性進行了研究。用現(xiàn)在常用的單向碳纖維薄片、織物和板進行加固的相似梁也進行了檢測，以便同用研制中的織物加固梁進行性能上的比較。這種織物經(jīng)過設(shè)計具有和加固梁中的鋼筋同時屈服的潛力，從而和未加固梁一樣，它也能得到屈服臺階。相對于那些用現(xiàn)在常用的碳纖維加固體系進行加固的梁，這種研制中的織物加固的梁承受更高的屈服荷載，并且有更高的延性指標(biāo)。這種研制中的織物對加固機制體現(xiàn)出更大的貢獻。關(guān)鍵詞混凝土，延性，纖維加固，變形介紹外貼粘合纖維增強聚合物（FRP）片和條帶近來已經(jīng)被確定是一種對鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)進行修復(fù)和加固的有效手段。關(guān)于應(yīng)用外貼粘合FRP板、薄片和織物對混凝土梁進行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能，一些試驗研究調(diào)查已經(jīng)進行過報告。SAADATMANESH和EHSANI（1991）檢測了應(yīng)用玻璃纖維增強聚合物GFRP板進行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能。RITCHIE等人（1991）檢測了應(yīng)用GFRP，碳纖維增強聚合物（CFRP）和G/CFRP板進行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能。GRACE等人（1999）和TRIANTAFILLOU（1992）研究了應(yīng)用CFRP薄片進行變形加固的鋼筋混凝土梁的性能。NORRIS，SAADATMANESH和EHSANI（1997）研究了應(yīng)用單向CFRP薄片和CFRP織物進行加固的混凝土梁的性能。在所有的這些研究中，加固的梁比未加固的梁承受更高的極限荷載。這些梁中大多數(shù)出現(xiàn)的一個缺陷是梁的延性有很大的損失。然而通過對梁的荷載撓度性能的測試，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)大多數(shù)荷載的增加是在鋼筋屈服后發(fā)生的。也就是說，極限荷載明顯提高，然而屈服荷載卻沒有太大提高。因此在正常使用水平荷載的明顯增加很難實現(xiàn)。除去加固前混凝土構(gòu)件條件的影響，鋼筋對加固梁的彎曲反應(yīng)有明顯的貢獻。而可惜的是，現(xiàn)有的FRP加固材料和鋼材性能不同。雖然FRP有很高的強度，但是它們多數(shù)在提高足夠的強度之前被拉伸而產(chǎn)生很大的應(yīng)變。因為同大多數(shù)FRP材料的極限應(yīng)變相3合材料的荷載卻并未增加）。余下的延伸大（HE）的纖維被分配承擔(dān)所有的荷載直到破壞。延伸小的纖維破壞時的應(yīng)變值體現(xiàn)了混合材料屈服應(yīng)變值，而延伸大的纖維破壞時的應(yīng)變值體現(xiàn)的是極限應(yīng)變值。延伸小的纖維破壞時對應(yīng)的荷載體現(xiàn)的是屈服荷載值，而延伸大的纖維承擔(dān)的最大荷載體現(xiàn)的是極限荷載值。超高模量碳纖維（1號碳）被用做延伸小的纖維，它應(yīng)有盡可能低的應(yīng)變，但不得小于鋼筋的屈服應(yīng)變（60級鋼筋大約為02）。另一方面，Ｅ型玻璃纖維被用做延伸大的纖維，應(yīng)能提供盡可能高的應(yīng)變而產(chǎn)生高延性指標(biāo)（破壞時的變形和屈服時的變形的比例）。高模量碳纖維（２號碳）被選做了延伸中等（ME）纖維，它使在延伸小的纖維破壞后發(fā)生應(yīng)變松弛時荷載的降低最小化，并且能夠提供從延伸小的纖維向延伸大的纖維逐漸傳遞荷載的途徑?；谶@種思想，生產(chǎn)了一種單向織物，并進行了測試，將它在拉伸時的性能和理論預(yù)測的承載性能做了對比。理論上的性能建立在混合物規(guī)則上，根據(jù)這種規(guī)則，混合物的軸向剛度是將各組成部分的相對剛度進行總合計算得到的。這種織物的生產(chǎn)過程是，將不同的纖維做為相鄰的紗線結(jié)合起來，并將它們用環(huán)氧樹脂注入模具中。圖２就是一個生產(chǎn)樣品的照片。編織而成的玻璃纖維片布置在試樣的兩端，以消除測試中固定端的應(yīng)力集中。試樣厚２MM（008IN），寬254MM（1IN），在拉伸時根據(jù)美國材料實驗協(xié)會Ｄ3039規(guī)范進行測試。四個測試樣品的平均荷載應(yīng)變曲線見圖3，上面還有理論預(yù)測的曲線。應(yīng)該注意到直到應(yīng)變值達到035，荷載應(yīng)變性能都是線性的，這時延伸小的纖維開始破壞。在這一點上應(yīng)變增長的速率高于荷載。當(dāng)應(yīng)變值達到090時，中等延伸的纖維開始破壞，導(dǎo)致應(yīng)變有附加的增長，直到由于延伸大的纖維破壞帶來試樣的徹底破壞。可以測試到屈服荷載（荷載應(yīng)變曲線上性能去不再為線性的第一點）為046KN/MM（26KIPS/IN）,極限荷載為078KN/MM（44KIPS/IN）。梁的測試梁的詳細(xì)情況一共澆筑了13根鋼筋混凝土梁，橫截面尺寸為152254MM（610IN），長2744MM（108IN）。梁的受彎鋼筋由底部的兩根5號（16MM）受拉鋼筋和頂部的兩根3號（95MM）的受壓鋼筋組成。為防止發(fā)生剪切破壞，使用162MM長的3號鋼筋扎成閉合鐙形對梁的抗剪進行進一步的加固。有5根梁澆筑時角部做成半徑25MM（1IN）的圓角，從而易于加固材料的安置。圖4顯示了梁的尺度、鋼筋詳圖、支座和加載點的位置。使用的鋼筋為60等級，屈服強度415MPA（800PSI）。加固材料研制中的混合織物用于加固8根梁。使用了兩種不同厚度的織物。第一種（H體系，T10MM）厚度10MM（004IN），第二種（H體系，T15MM）厚度15MM（006IN）。其他四根梁使用現(xiàn)在常用的碳纖維加固材料進行加固1）一層單向碳纖維薄片，極限荷載034KN/MM（195KIPS/IN）；2）兩層單向碳纖維織物，極限荷載131KN/MM（75KIPS/IN）；

簡介：中文中文8150字ANALYTICALSTUDYOFANACTIVEPIEZOELECTRICABSORBERONVIBRATIONATTENUATIONOFAPLATEYMHUANGN,SCHUNGDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALCENTRALUNIVERSITY,JHONGLI320,TAIWAN,ROCJOURNALOFSOUNDANDVIBRATION，3302011361–373對主動壓電減震器在板的震動衰減過程中的的分析研究對主動壓電減震器在板的震動衰減過程中的的分析研究YM黃，黃，SCHUNG臺灣臺灣中壢中壢320國立中央大學(xué)國立中央大學(xué)機械工程學(xué)院機械工程學(xué)院ROC系聲音和振動期刊，聲音和振動期刊，3302011361–373沒有多少成果在論文中被證明。由賈利利和諾爾斯四7提出的與所述壓電致動器內(nèi)的帶有一個附加的反饋補償?shù)闹鲃訙p速器。在目前的研究中，為了提高衰減效果，一種自動調(diào)諧方法被進一步引進到有效調(diào)整補償器中。希爾和SNYDER8設(shè)計了一個具有連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)和一個鐘桿套的機械式減震器，用來降低電變壓器的振動。由于減震器的不同諧振模式的存在，變壓器的多頻率的運動可以被抑制。同樣，博內(nèi)羅等9開發(fā)的一種新類型的減震器是由兩個帶有非線性剛度的曲線梁組成的。主動諧振器的特性由SUN等人進行了調(diào)查10。該諧振器由兩部分組成，包括一個自適應(yīng)被動減震器以及提供了一個以取消的阻尼力的速度反饋控制的力的致動器。進行了穩(wěn)態(tài)反應(yīng)的研究來揭示了控制效果，然而，沒有進行穩(wěn)定性分析。最近，內(nèi)海11提出了通過使用兩個減震器的建筑物的模型的數(shù)控結(jié)果。反饋速度信號的引入在減少在多個頻率上已被證明是有效的。然而，當(dāng)控制增益變大的時候不穩(wěn)定性可能會發(fā)生，他的論文則提出了一種新型的控制力量來避免不穩(wěn)定。吳和邵12開發(fā)了一種方法，以自適應(yīng)地通過剛度來控制減震器，剛度取決于主質(zhì)和減震器的位移之間的相位。除了前面提到的控制方法，也可以使用吸收延遲反饋實現(xiàn)減震結(jié)構(gòu)的，這種類型的算法被證明在參考文獻。13,14。為了衰減位移與多個頻率，一個主動減震器通常無法完成任務(wù)。為了解決這個問題，之前提出了一種方法，采用減震器與沖擊機構(gòu)15,16結(jié)合的形式，這可以消除寬的頻率范圍內(nèi)的能量。由于新材料的發(fā)展，傳統(tǒng)的機械減震器可以通過由智能材料做成的減震器來代替，如記憶合金，磁致伸縮材料17，和壓電材料等。使用壓電材料連同一個設(shè)計適當(dāng)?shù)碾娐芬部梢孕纬赦g化減震器1820來實現(xiàn)振動和噪音控制。壓電減震器仍然還具備機械減震器的缺點。因此，主動壓電減震器的應(yīng)用是必要的2123?？刂扑惴梢院苋菀椎耐ㄟ^設(shè)計連接到壓電材料的具體電路實現(xiàn)。通過不同的感測信號2124的反饋，該結(jié)構(gòu)的運動被送到減震器來達到一個更精確的控制。在參考文獻21,24，則通過自己理解概念，通過橋式網(wǎng)絡(luò)被提出。這里，一塊壓電片材的可作為在同一時間對不同的振動控制方法的致動器和傳感器。CARABELLI和TONOLI25證明了如果在橋中的電阻被主動元件所代替那么測量可以加以提高。橋的主系統(tǒng)的耦合效應(yīng)也可以作為一個振動控制機制。在這項研究中，主動減震器與來自壓電傳感器的反饋進被用來用于減少板由于諧波點力的振動的研究。我們的意圖是要應(yīng)用主動減震器開發(fā)一個簡單但有效的振動衰減連續(xù)結(jié)構(gòu)。本文的主要貢獻是通過采用主動壓電減震器帶速度反饋實現(xiàn)多模位移衰減示范，一些相關(guān)文獻將在下面討論。通過塔絲和王26

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簡介：畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯題目復(fù)合金屬和冷軋在復(fù)合金屬和冷軋在固體氧化物燃料電池中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)固體氧化物燃料電池中的應(yīng)用技術(shù)系部名稱系部名稱機械工程系專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號號指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師教師職稱教師職稱2011年03月20日2化鋁，氧化硅和氧化鉻5。氧化鋁合金中的鎳鉻鋁，鈷鉻鋁，以及價格低的鐵鉻鋁，這些合金通常有一層極薄的氧化鋁能夠在高溫下保護內(nèi)部組織不被氧化和腐蝕。然而，氧化鋁的高電阻特性使這些合金不宜作為復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池的原料，除非采取特別措施來克服這種障礙。二氧化硅形成的基于鎳，鈷和鐵的合金，其表面有較好防護性，抗氧化性和抗腐蝕性，但是它們在室溫下通常都是易碎的，使它們不適合成型操作。同時，石英的低導(dǎo)電性也使它不適合作為復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池的原料。氧化鉻具有較好的導(dǎo)電性。另外一個優(yōu)點是，鉻會降低合金的熱膨脹系數(shù)（CTE）。在氧化鉻形成合金中，鐵素體不銹鋼和奧氏體鎳（鐵）鉻或鐵鎳鉻合金被認(rèn)為是合適的候選材料。鐵素體不銹鋼通常具有更低的成本效益，在某些情況下，它表現(xiàn)出良好的熱膨脹系數(shù)（熱膨脹系數(shù)）和其他電池組件相匹配。然而，有三個因素會導(dǎo)致復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池中金屬的加速損失和局部的腐蝕。第一、隨著使用時間的增長，其電阻會變大；第二、固體氧化物燃料電池在其工作溫度下機械強度一般較低；第三、在兩個反應(yīng)極附近，特別是含碳的陽極附近發(fā)生的非正常反應(yīng)相比之下，在固體氧化物燃料電池正常使用過程中，鎳鐵鉻或鐵鎳鉻合金在高溫下具有優(yōu)良的機械強度，抗氧化性和抗腐蝕性，并且這種合金比鐵素體不銹鋼更容易制造。但是，這些鎳鐵鉻或鐵鎳鉻基合金一般比鐵素體合金昂貴，還有一個相對較高的熱膨脹系數(shù)。要融合優(yōu)勢，避免這兩種合金的缺點需要一種更具有成本效益的、可廣泛應(yīng)用的方法。鍍層勉強算是這樣的一種方法，人們正在研究利用這種方法生產(chǎn)復(fù)合金屬固體氧化物燃料電池。2、復(fù)合金屬、復(fù)合金屬復(fù)合金屬是層狀混合金屬，這種金屬材料被廣泛應(yīng)用在工業(yè)以及我們的日常生活中。他們可以被生產(chǎn)為板，帶，箔，管，棒線材的形式。傳統(tǒng)上，復(fù)合金屬由于他的功能和成本因素可以提供很多種解決方案。不同的復(fù)合金屬所提供得功能可以分為結(jié)構(gòu)的，熱膨脹分組管理的，控軋控冷（溫控器），電的，磁的，耐腐蝕的，焊接和化妝品應(yīng)用。在每一種應(yīng)用中都可能會有若干不同的生產(chǎn)復(fù)合金屬的方法。例如，在焊接生產(chǎn)中至少有三種生產(chǎn)復(fù)合金屬的方法（1）金屬復(fù)合鍍層方法；它提供了一種把兩種互不相容的金屬或合金連接在一起的方法9。一個這樣的應(yīng)用是在汽車生產(chǎn)中，通過氧炔焊把鋁/鋼金屬通過氧炔焊熔接，形成鋁和鋼的零件。（2）自釬焊復(fù)合金屬方法，在

簡介：1450KSMEINTERNATIONALJOURNAL,VOL17NO10,PP1450145Z2003DYNAMICSTRESSANALYSISOFVEHICLEFRAMEUSINGANONLINEARFINITEELEMENTMETHODGYUHAKIM,KYUZONGCHODEPARONENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CHONNAMNATIONALUNIVERSITY,300,YONGBONGDONG,BUKGU,GWANGJU500757,KOREAINBUMCHYUNKIAMOTORSCO,INC700,NAEBANGDONG,SEOGU,GWANGJU502711,KOREAGISEOBCHOITOPRFAX82625301689DEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CHONNAMNATIONALUNIVERSITY300,YONGBONGDONGBUKGU,GWANGJU500757KOREAMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDDECEMBER232002REVISEDJULY19,2003VEHICLEPRODUCTIONEXISTINGDYNAMICSTRESSANALYSISFORTHEANALYSISOFVEHICLEFATIGUEMAINLYCALCULATESTHEDYNAMICSTRESSHISTORYANDFATIGUEAFTERPERFORMINGDYNAMICANALYSISANDSTRESSANALYSISWITHRELEVANTSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONSSUCHASDADSANDNASTRAN,ANDTHENSUPERPOSITIONINGTHEDYNAMICLOADHISTORYANDSTRESSINFLUENCECOEFFICIENTATEACHJOINTTHISAPPROACHISACOMPLEXPROCESS,WHENTHEFLEXIBILITYOFTHEPARTSISTAKENINTOACCOUNTITIS,HOWEVER,INCAPABLEOFGIVINGACCURATECONSIDERATIONTOTHECONTACTSBETWEENCOMPONENTS,THENONLINEARITYOFMATERIALS,ANDTIREROADSURFACEINTERACTIONSTHISAPPROACHALSOREQUIRESTHEANALYSTSTOHAVEANEXPERTISEINSOFTWAREAPPLICATIONSOFVARIOUSKINDSORANEXPERTINEACHAREATOPERFORMTHEANALYSISTHISREQUIRESAGREATDEALOFMANPOWERANDTIME1452GVUHAKHN,KYUZONGCHO,INBUMCHYUNANDGISEOBCHOIBILITYISMSA,JUALG,TOOLTHERE,PAND6AREANACCELERATIONVECTORANDANANGLULARACCELERATIONVECTOR,RESPECTIVELY,ATTHEFLEXIBLEBODYSARBITRARYPOINTSANDD,A,AARETHEACCELERATIONVECTOR,THEVELOCITYVECTORANDTHEDISPLACEMENTVECTORINREGARDTOFLEXIBLEBODYSELASTICDEFORMATIONINADDITION,SISAGENERALIZEDFORCEVECTORTHATISDEPENDENTONTHEVELOCITYANDUISTHEINTERNALFORCEVECTORQISAJACOBIANOFTHERESTRICTIONEQUATION,/}ISLAGRANGEMULTIPLIERVECTORANDOEXISTHEEXTERNALFORCEVECTORIFWEIGNORETHEVELOCITYANDACCELERATIONINREGARDTOTHEFLEXIBLEBODYSELASTICDEFORMATION,WECANINTRODUCEEQUATION2FROMEQ1M{/}UAFF,,LQEXO2HERE,/ISTHERIGIDBODYSACCELERATIONVECTORTHESECONDTERMISRELATEDTOTHEELASTICDEFORMATIONIFWECONSIDERTHEDEGREEOFFREEDOMOFTHEFINITEELEMENTMODEL,EQ2BECOMESUAH{U}QM{/}GA3HERE{U}ISADISPLACEMENTVECTOR,IMP{/}ISINERTIAFORCE,ANDI/FF,,}ISAJOINTREACTIONFORCEISCALCULATEDFROMTHEDYNAMICANALYSISATADESIGNATEDTIME,THISEQUATIONCOULDBECHANGEATOASTATICEQUATION,WHEREUAISEQUALTOANEXTERNALFORCE,INERTIALFORCE,ANDJOINTREACTIONFORCEEQ3,THEREFORE,COULDBESOLVEDBYQUASISTATICFINITEELEMENTANALYSISINAEACHSTAGEOFDYNAMICANALYSISKUOANDKELKAR,1995IFWEEXPRESSAGENERALLOADHISTORYASFET,THESTRESSHISTORYATASPECIFICPOINTOFTHEBODYCOULDBEINTRODUCEDASA/BRMOFLINEARFUNCTIONWHICHHASNLOADHISTORY,ASSHOWNINEQUATION4A,TFFTIL,,4WHENISTHEUNITTBRCEVECTOROFLOADHISTORYFIL,THEEQUATIONCOULDBESHOWNASEQUATION5FTCTEIL,,N5HERE,CTISTHEMAGNITUDEOFTIMEVARYINGLOADINTHEQUASISTATICSTRESSANALYSIS,IFASTRESSFIELDISCONSTANTATASPECIFICTIME,WECANSAYTHATLINEAROPERATORFISINDEPENDENTOFTIMEFROMTHESUPERPOSITIONPRINCIPLEANDQUASISTATICASSUMPTION,WECANINTRODUCEEQUATION6POINT2IPOINT1FIG3QUASISTATICSTRESSANALYSISMODEL,“14II“411TWFIG4NDYNAMICSTRESSHISTORYOFTHEPOINT1IIIIII/I,,/IIII/IJIIJI,/Z“AMLFIG5DYNAMICSTRESSHISTORYOFTHEPOINT2

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯外文譯文題目基于統(tǒng)計研究的管理信息系統(tǒng)摘要本文通過對統(tǒng)計學(xué)的洞察和申請建議來提高我們對信息系統(tǒng)管理方面的知識。成本利潤的模型被設(shè)計和應(yīng)用到我們所研究的四個領(lǐng)域當(dāng)中拖欠費用，外部采辦，決定技術(shù)支持和商業(yè)流程的再設(shè)計和改進。我們證明會計文化對信息系統(tǒng)的管理有相當(dāng)大的學(xué)術(shù)貢獻。關(guān)鍵字信息系統(tǒng)價值；信息技術(shù)IT管理；外部采辦；拖欠費用；決策支持系統(tǒng)；商業(yè)流程再設(shè)計；商務(wù)表現(xiàn)；表現(xiàn)度量

簡介：DYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSUNDERCYCLICLOADINGINLIQUEFIABLESOILSAMINRAHMANI?,ALIPAKDEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,SHARIFUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,POBOX111559313,TEHRAN,IRANARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED5MARCH2011RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM12SEPTEMBER2011ACCEPTED13SEPTEMBER2011AVAILABLEONLINE11NOVEMBER2011KEYWORDSLIQUEFACTIONPILEFOUNDATIONSFULLYCOUPLEDTHREEDIMENSIONALDYNAMICANALYSISDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,AFULLYCOUPLEDTHREEDIMENSIONALDYNAMICANALYSISISCARRIEDOUTTOINVESTIGATETHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFIEDGROUNDACRITICALSTATEBOUNDINGSURFACEPLASTICITYMODELISUSEDTOMODELSOILSKELETON,WHILEAFULLYCOUPLEDU–PFORMULATIONISEMPLOYEDTOANALYZESOILDISPLACEMENTSANDPOREWATERPRESSURESFURTHERMORE,INTHISSTUDY,VARIATIONOFPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTDURINGLIQUEFACTIONISTAKENINTOACCOUNTTHEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTISRELATEDTOEXCESSPOREWATERPRESSURERATIORESULTSOFACENTRIFUGETESTONPILEFOUNDATIONSAREUSEDTODEMONSTRATETHECAPABILITYOFTHEMODELFORRELIABLEANALYSISOFPILESUNDERDYNAMICLOADINGTHEN,THEVERIFIEDMODELISUSEDFORAPARAMETRICSTUDYTHEPARAMETRICSTUDYISCARRIEDOUTBYVARYINGPILELENGTH,FREQUENCYOFINPUTMOTION,FIXITYOFTHEPILEHEAD,THICKNESSOFTHELIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERANDRELATIVEDENSITYOFLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERTHREEDIFFERENTSOILPROFILESHAVEBEENCONSIDEREDINTHISSTUDYINGENERAL,PARAMETRICSTUDIESDEMONSTRATETHATFIXITYOFTHEPILEHEAD,THICKNESSOFLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERANDFREQUENCYOFINPUTMOTIONARETHEMOSTCRITICALPARAMETERSWHICHCONSIDERABLYAFFECTPILESPERFORMANCEINLIQUEFIEDGROUNDSCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTHEBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSUNDEREARTHQUAKELOADINGISANIMPORTANTISSUETHATWIDELYAFFECTSTHEPERFORMANCEOFSTRUCTURESDESIGNPROCEDURESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDFOREVALUATINGPILEBEHAVIORUNDEREARTHQUAKELOADINGHOWEVER,APPLICATIONOFTHESEPROCEDURESTOCASESINVOLVINGLIQUEFIABLEGROUNDISUNCERTAINSINCETHEPERFORMANCEOFPILESINLIQUEFIEDSOILLAYERSISMUCHMORECOMPLEXTHANTHATOFNONLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERNOTONLYBECAUSETHESUPERSTRUCTUREANDTHESURROUNDINGSOILEXERTDIFFERENTDYNAMICLOADSONPILE,BUTALSOBECAUSETHESTIFFNESSANDSHEARSTRENGTHOFTHESURROUNDINGSOILDIMINISHESOVERTIMEDUETONONLINEARBEHAVIOROFSOILANDALSOPOREWATERPRESSUREGENERATIONLIQUEFACTIONREPRESENTSONEOFTHEBIGGESTCONTRIBUTORSTODAMAGEOFCONSTRUCTEDFACILITIESDURINGEARTHQUAKES1THISPHENOMENONWASREPORTEDASTHEMAINCAUSEOFDAMAGETOPILEFOUNDATIONSDURINGTHEMAJOREARTHQUAKESSUCHASALASKA,1964,LOMAPRIETA,1989,HYOGOKENNAMBU,19951PREDICTIONOFSEISMICRESPONSEOFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFYINGSOILLAYERSISDIFFICULT,ANDTHEREAREMANYUNCERTAINTIESINTHEMECHANISMSINVOLVEDINSOIL–PILESUPERSTRUCTUREINTERACTIONHOWEVER,INRECENTDECADES,AWIDERANGEOFCENTRIFUGEANDSHAKINGTABLETESTSANDALSOVARIOUSNUMERICALMETHODSHAVEBEENEMPLOYEDINORDERTOPROVIDEBETTERINSIGHTSINTOTHEDYNAMICBEHAVIOROFPILEFOUNDATIONSINLIQUEFIABLESOILSTHESERESEARCHESCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTHREECATEGORIESFIELDOBSERVATIONS,LABORATORYTESTS,ANDNUMERICALMODELING11FIELDOBSERVATIONSTHESESTUDIESMAINLYINVESTIGATETHEDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEFAILUREPATTERNS,SETTLEMENTANDLATERALDISPLACEMENTOFPILESDURINGNIIGATAEARTHQUAKE,1964,MANYPILEFOUNDATIONSFAILEDTOSUPPORTSTRUCTURESDUETOTHELIQUEFACTIONOFTHESURROUNDINGSOILACCORDINGTOHAMADA2,THEGROUNDINTHEVICINITYOFAFOURSTOREYBUILDINGMOVEDAPPROXIMATELY11M,ANDTHEMAXIMUMLATERALDISPLACEMENTOFCONCRETEPILESWITHADIAMETEROF35CMANDLENGTHOF6–9MWASAROUND70CMTHELARGEAMOUNTOFLATERALDISPLACEMENTCAUSEDSEVEREDAMAGETOTHEPILEATTHEINTERFACEOFTHELIQUEFIEDANDNONLIQUEFIEDLAYERSMORIETAL3CONDUCTEDANEXCAVATIONSURVEYANDINTERNALINSPECTIONOFTHEDAMAGEDPILESOFASILOWHICHSUFFEREDSEVEREDAMAGEDUETOTHEHOKKAIDONANSEIOKIEARTHQUAKE,1993THEYCONCLUDEDTHATDAMAGEUSUALLYOCCURSATTHREEDIFFERENTLOCATIONSATTHEPILEHEADFORFIXEDHEADPILES,ATADEPTHOF1–3MBELOWTHEPILECAPFORFREEHEADPILESANDATTHEINTERFACEOFTHELIQUEFIEDANDNONLIQUEFIEDLAYERSTHISOBSERVATIONHASBEENCONFIRMEDBYOTHERSSUCHASTACHIKAWAETAL4,SHAMOTOETAL5,ANDONISHIETAL612LABORATORYTESTSTHESESTUDIESINCLUDESOMEDYNAMICCENTRIFUGETESTSANDALSOSHAKINGTABLETESTSOFPILESUPPORTEDSTRUCTURESINWHICH0266352X/SEEFRONTMATTERCROWNCOPYRIGHT?2011PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPGEO201109002?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL982166164225FAX982166014828EMAILADDRESSAMINRAHMAANIGMAILCOMARAHMANICOMPUTERSANDGEOTECHNICS402012114–126CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIVERSESCIENCEDIRECTCOMPUTERSANDGEOTECHNICSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/COMPGEOINVESTIGATIONSARULANANDANANDSYBICO35,BASEDONTHEMEASUREMENTOFCHANGESINTHEELECTRICALRESISTANCEOFSATURATEDSANDDEPOSITDURINGLIQUEFACTIONINTHECENTRIFUGETESTS,CONCLUDEDTHAT‘‘INFLIGHTPERMEABILITY’’OFSATURATEDSANDDURINGLIQUEFACTIONINCREASESUPTO6–7TIMESGREATERTHANITSINITIALVALUEJAFARZADEHANDYANAGISAWA36BYMEASUREMENTOFTHEVOLUMEOFTHEEXPELLEDWATERFROMSATURATEDSANDCOLUMNSINSHAKINGTABLEMODELTESTSINDICATEDTHATTHEAVERAGEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTDURINGEXCITATIONIS5–6TIMESGREATERTHANITSSTATICVALUEMANZARIANDARULANANDAN37USEDVARIABLEPERMEABILITYINTHEIRNUMERICALSIMULATIONINTHEIRSTUDY,PREDICTIONSOFEXCESSPOREPRESSUREANDSETTLEMENTWERESATISFACTORY,BUTLATERALDISPLACEMENTSWERENOTSIMULATEDREASONABLYWELLBALAKRISHNAN38EMPLOYEDAFACTOROF10FORINCREASINGTHEPERMEABILITYCOEFFICIENTINNUME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