簡介：LETTERDOI101038/NATURE14978CELLFATEDETERMINATIONBYUBIQUITINDEPENDENTREGULATIONOFTRANSLATIONACHIMWERNER1,2,SHINTAROIWASAKI2,COLLEENAMCGOURTY2,SOFIAMEDINARUIZ2,NIATEERIKORPI1,2,INDROFEDRIGO2,NICHOLASTINGOLIA2MOLECULARWEIGHTISGIVENINKDAC,KBTBD8DEPLETEDHESCSWERESUBJECTEDTONEURALCONVERSIONANDANALYSEDBYIMMUNOFLUORESCENCEMICROSCOPYMEANOF3BIOLOGICALREPLICATES,6SEM,1,500CELLSPERCONDITIOND,XENOPUSTROPICALISEMBRYOSINJECTEDWITHTRANSLATIONBLOCKINGMORPHOLINOSAGAINSTKBTBD8WEREANALYSEDBYINSITUHYBRIDIZATIONE,MODELOFTHECUL3KBTBD8CONTROLLEDDEVELOPMENTALSWITCH1HOWARDHUGHESMEDICALINSTITUTE,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,CALIFORNIA94720,USA2DEPARTMENTOFMOLECULARANDCELLBIOLOGY,UNIVERSITYOFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,CALIFORNIA94720,USA24SEPTEMBER2015|VOL525|NATURE|523G2015MACMILLANPUBLISHERSLIMITEDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDFIG3A,BANDEXTENDEDFIG6A,BTHESAMEABERRANTDIFFERENTIATIONPROGRAMWASOBSERVEDIFWEDEPLETEDTCOF1ORNOLC1FIG3A,CANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG6A,C,D,BUTNOTOTHERKBTBD8BINDINGPARTNERSFIG3AANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG6E,FDEMONSTRATINGTHATTHESEPROTEINSACTINACOMMONPATHWAY,CODEPLETIONOFKBTBD8ANDTCOF1ORNOLC1,RESPECTIVELY,MIRROREDTHEDIFFERENTIATIONPROGRAMOFSINGLYDEPLETEDHESCSFIG3DWETHEREFORECONCLUDETHATTCOF1ANDNOLC1ARECRITICALMONOUBIQUITYLATIONSUBSTRATESOFCUL3KBTBD8DURINGNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATIONCONSISTENTWITHTHISNOTION,MUTATIONSINTCOF1CAUSETREACHERCOLLINSSYNDROME,ACRANIOFACIALDISORDERCHARACTERIZEDBYLOSSOFCRANIALNEURALCRESTCELLS2,3TOUNDERSTANDHOWCUL3KBTBD8DRIVESNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATION,WEIDENTIFIEDPROTEINSTHATSELECTIVELYRECOGNIZEDUBIQUITYLATED,BUTNOTUNMODIFIED,TCOF1USINGCELLSTHATWERERECONSTITUTEDWITHEITHERWILDTYPEKBTBD8,INACTIVEKBTBD8Y74A,OREMPTYVECTORNOTABLY,NOLC1EMERGEDASTHEMAJOREFFECTORTHATWASRECRUITEDTOUBIQUITYLATEDTCOF1FIG4A,ANOBSERVATIONTHATWASCONFIRMEDBYAFFINITYPURIFICATIONCOUPLEDTOWESTERNBLOTANALYSISFIG4BMONOUBIQUITYLATIONOFTENSTABILIZESBINDINGPARTNERS,ANDDEPLETIONOFKBTBD8CAUSEDDEGRADATIONOFBOTHTCOF1ANDNOLC1ATLATERSTAGESOFNEURALCONVERSIONFIG3CANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG7A,BONTHEBASISOFTHESERESULTS,WEESTABLISHEDASEQUENTIALAFFINITYPURIFICATIONPROTOCOLTODETERMINETHECOMPOSITIONOFUBIQUITYLATIONDEPENDENTTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESWEFOUNDTHATTCOF1–NOLC1ASSEMBLIESENGAGEDRNAPOLYMERASEITHEH/ACACOMPLEXCATALYSINGRRNAPSEUDOURIDYLATIONANDTHESSUPROCESSOMECONTROLLINGMATURATIONANDMODIFICATIONOFTHESMALLRIBOSOMALSUBUNITFIG4C,DANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG7CACCORDINGLY,UBIQUITYLATIONBYCUL3KBTBD8BROUGHTENDOGENOUSRNAPOLYMERASEIINTOCOMPLEXESWITHTHESSUPROCESSOMEFIG4E,WHICHREQUIREDTCOF1ANDNOLC1EXTENDEDDATAFIG7DSIMILAROBSERVATIONSWEREMADEINHESCS,WHEREAROBUSTINTERACTIONBETWEENRNAPOLYMERASEIANDSSUPROCESSOMEWASLOSTUPONDEPLETIONOFKBTBD8FIG4FTHUS,CUL3KBTBD8INDUCESTHEUBIQUITINDEPENDENTFORMATIONOFTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESTHATSERVEASAPLATFORMTOCONNECTRNAPOLYMERASEIWITHENZYMESRESPONSIBLEFORRIBOSOMALPROCESSINGANDMODIFICATIONFIG4GTHISOBSERVATIONSUPPORTSAROLEOFUBIQUITYLATIONINNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATION,ASMUTATIONSINRNAPOLYMERASEIALSOCAUSETREACHERCOLLINSSYNDROME19ALTHOUGHKBTBD8TARGETSPROTEINSLINKEDTORIBOSOMEBIOGENESIS,ITSDEPLETIONDIDNOTAFFECTTHEABUNDANCEOFRRNASORMRNASENCODINGRIBOSOMALPROTEINSLEVELSOFRIBOSOMALPROTEINSPROCESSINGOFPRECURSORRRNASNUCLEOLARINTEGRITYEXPORTOFTHESMALLRIBOSOMALSUBUNITRIBOSOMEBINDINGTOMRNAJUDGEDBYPOLYSOMEGRADIENTANALYSISGLOBALMRNATRANSLATIONDETECTEDBYMETABOLICLABELLINGORCELLSURVIVALFIG5A,DANDEXTENDEDDATAFIG8A–HACCORDINGLY,AGLOBALREDUCTIONINTRANSLATIONCAUSEDBYRAPAMYCINDIDNOTPHENOCOPYTHELOSSOFKBTBD8EXTENDEDDATAFIG9A,BDEPLETIONOFTCOF1ALSODIDNOTAFFECTRRNASYNTHESIS,P53ACTIVATION,ORCELLSURVIVALATTHETIMEOFNEURALCRESTSPECIFICATIONEXTENDEDDATAFIG9C–E,ALTHOUGHCONSISTENTWITHPREVIOUSWORK3,20,ITREDUCEDRRNALEVELSANDTRIGGEREDCELLDEATHATLATESTAGESOFNEURALCONVERSIONNUCLEOSOMEDKC1RPAC1RPA1RPA2RPA49RPA2RPA2RPA34RNAPOLICOMPLEXRPA2RPA43RPABC1SSUPROCESSOMENOP56BOXC/DSNORNPCOMPLEXH/ACASNORNPCOMPLEXRIBOSOMEMATURATIONUTPC–CKIICOMPLEXRRNATRANSCRIPTIONRRNAMODIFICATIONTCOF1NOLC1ARRB1/2H2AE3LIGASEUBNHP2NOP10NOP58FBLTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXCSK2A1CSK2A2CSK2BNCLH2BH3H4H1KBTBD8FOLDENRICHMENT20FOLD10FOLD5FOLDACDRPA1KBTBD8RPA2RPB1DKC1NHP2NOP58NOP56HA–NOLC1HA–NOLC1FLAG–TCOF1FLAG–TCOF1ARRB1ARRB2INPUT11STIPANTIHA10WESTERN250100755025025010050157537752NDIPANTIFLAGCSK2ACSK2AWESTERN37NOP5875RPA2KBTBD875RPA1250100IPANTIIGGW579AWTY74A–KBTBD8–FLAGIPANTIRPA1IPANTIIGGIPANTIRPA1W579AWTY74A–INPUTE75NOP5837CSK2AIGG75KBTBD8RPA2100WESTERN250RPA1INPUTSHKBTBD8SHCTRLIPANTIIGG/RPA1GCUL3KBTBD8UBISSUPROCPO4H/ACAΨUBUBUBUBRNAPOLI76854321–1246810FOLDCHANGETSCSWTCONTROLTCOF1INTERACTINGPROTEINSFOLDCHANGETSCSWTY74AKBTBD8UBIQUITYLATIONDEPENDENTKBTBD8BINDINGDEPENDENTKBTBD8INDEPENDENTNOLC100FBNOLC1KBTBD8WESTERN2501507550ARBB1ARBB250ARBB1ARBB2NOLC115075KBTBD8IPANTIFLAG250FLAG–TCOF1FLAG–TCOF1W579AWTY74AKBTBD8INPUTTCOF1NOLC1FIGURE4|UBIQUITYLATIONDEPENDENTTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESCOUPLERNAPOLYMERASEITORIBOSOMEMODIFICATIONENZYMESA,INTERACTORSOFTCOF1IN293TCELLSRECONSTITUTEDWITHKBTBD8ORKBTBD8Y74ASUMOF3BIOLOGICALREPLICATESPERCONDITIONB,VALIDATIONOFCUL3KBTBD8DEPENDENTFORMATIONOFTCOF1–NOLC1COMPLEXESC,COMPPASSMASSSPECTROMETRYANALYSISOFSEQUENTIALIMMUNOPRECIPITATIONOFFLAG–TCOF1/HA–NOLC1COMPL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簡介：VIIICONTENTS214SHEARINGSTRAIN98215FURTHERDISCUSSIONOFDEFORMATIONSUNDERAXIALLOADINGRELATIONAMONGE,N,ANDG101216STRESSSTRAINRELATIONSHIPSFORFIBERREINFORCEDCOMPOSITEMATERIALS103217STRESSANDSTRAINDISTRIBUTIONUNDERAXIALLOADINGSAINTVENANT’SPRINCIPLE113218STRESSCONCENTRATIONS115219PLASTICDEFORMATIONS117220RESIDUALSTRESSES121REVIEWANDSUMMARYFORCHAPTER21293TORSION14031INTRODUCTION14232PRELIMINARYDISCUSSIONOFTHESTRESSESINASHAFT14433DEFORMATIONSINACIRCULARSHAFT14534STRESSESINTHEELASTICRANGE14835ANGLEOFTWISTINTHEELASTICRANGE15936STATICALLYINDETERMINATESHAFTS16337DESIGNOFTRANSMISSIONSHAFTS17638STRESSCONCENTRATIONSINCIRCULARSHAFTS17939PLASTICDEFORMATIONSINCIRCULARSHAFTS184310CIRCULARSHAFTSMADEOFANELASTOPLASTICMATERIAL186311RESIDUALSTRESSESINCIRCULARSHAFTS189312TORSIONOFNONCIRCULARMEMBERS197313THINWALLEDHOLLOWSHAFTS200REVIEWANDSUMMARYFORCHAPTER32104PUREBENDING22041INTRODUCTION22242SYMMETRICMEMBERINPUREBENDING22443DEFORMATIONSINASYMMETRICMEMBERINPUREBENDING22644STRESSESANDDEFORMATIONSINTHEELASTICRANGE22945DEFORMATIONSINATRANSVERSECROSSSECTION23346BENDINGOFMEMBERSMADEOFSEVERALMATERIALS24247STRESSCONCENTRATIONS24648PLASTICDEFORMATIONS25549MEMBERSMADEOFANELASTOPLASTICMATERIAL256410PLASTICDEFORMATIONSOFMEMBERSWITHASINGLEPLANEOFSYMMETRY260411RESIDUALSTRESSES261412ECCENTRICAXIALLOADINGINAPLANEOFSYMMETRY270BEE80288_FM_IXX_1INDDPAGEVIII11/19/1072018PMUSERF499BEE80288_FM_IXX_1INDDPAGEVIII11/19/1072018PMUSERF499/USERS/USERF499/DESKTOP/TEMPWORK/DONTDELETEJOB/MHDQ251BEER201/FM/USERS/USERF499/DESKTOP/TEMPWORK/DONTDELETEJOB/MHDQ251BEER201/FM

簡介：JOURNALOFINDUSTRIALMICROBIOLOGYPACKINGMACHINESMOULDSPORESPENICILLIUMHUMIDITYINTRODUCTIONHUMIDITYWOULDBEANOPTIONFORTHEDECONTAMINATIONOFPACKINGMATERIALSWHERETHEMAINREASONFORCONCERNISTHECONSUMERSAREMOREANDMOREDEMANDINGWITHRESPECTTOPRESENCEOFMOULDSTHEQUALITYOFFOODPRODUCTSTHEREFORE,PRODUCTSAREOFTENSPORESOFPENICILLIUMSPECIESAREFREQUENTLYFOUNDONPRESERVEDBYINLINESHORTTIMEHIGHTEMPERATURETREATPACKINGMATERIALSEVENAFTERTHERMOFORMINGFORTHISREASONMENTSTOPREVENTREINFECTION,THEPRODUCTTHENISANDBECAUSEOFAVAILABILITYANDEASEOFCULTIVATION,SPORESPACKEDASEPTICALLYOFPENICILLIUMROQUEFORTIIWEREUSEDTHEMICROBIALLOADOFTHEPACKINGMATERIALMUSTBELOWENOUGHTOASSURETHATTHEACCEPTABLERATEOFCONTAMINATIONISNOTEXCEEDED1DEPENDINGONTHEMICROBIOLOGICALQUALITY,ITMAYBENECESSARYTOREDUCETHENUMBEROFMICROMATERIALSANDMETHODSORGANISMSONTHEPACKINGMATERIALBEFOREUSETHISMAYBEACHIEVEDUSINGHYDROGENPEROXIDE,HEAT,ULTRAVIOLETLIGHT,MATERIALSOROTHERTREATMENTS,EITHERINDIVIDUALLYORINCOMBINATIONTHEPACKINGMATERIALCOMPRISEDRECTANGULARDISCSTREATMENTWITHHYDROGENPEROXIDEATELEVATEDTEMPERATURES3545MMMADEFROMASHEETOF550?MTHICKNESSISBYFARTHEMOSTCOMMONTECHNOLOGYUSEDRESIDUESOF55?MOFPOLYESTERPETGAND495?MOFPOLYSTYRENEHYDROGENPEROXIDE,HOWEVER,AREUNDESIRABLETHEACCEPTFROMCOBELPLAST,LOKEREN,BELGIUMTHEFUNGALSPORESABLERESIDUALCONCENTRATIONINTHEPRODUCTPACKEDISVERYWEREPENICILLIUMROQUEFORTITYPECB2,OBTAINEDFROMLOW?5MGKG?1INMOSTCOUNTRIESTHEUSEOFHYDROGENWIESBYNIEBU¨LL,GERMANY,LOT735263THETALCWASPEROXIDEALSOREQUIRESSAFETYMEASURESTOPROTECTPERSONNELHYDROUSMAGNESIUMSILICATE,OBTAINEDFROMLAMERSSTIRRINGBARBEPREFERABLEDIAMETER8MM,LENGTH50MMFORPRODUCTSTHATDONOTALLOWTHEGROWTHOFBACTERIA,SUCHASMANYACIDPRODUCTSANDPRODUCTSWITHALOWWATERACTIVITY,ITISOFTENSUFFICIENTTOINACTIVATEMOULDSANDMEDIAYEASTSMOULDSANDYEASTS,HOWEVER,CANBEINACTIVATEDBYTHEDILUTEDMALTEXTRACTAGARCONTAINEDAGARDIFCO20G,TEMPERATURESBELOW100°CPROVIDEDTHEWATERACTIVITYISMALTEXTRACTOXOIDCM5720G,DISTILLEDWATER1000MLHIGHENOUGHTHEMEDIUMWASAUTOCLAVEDAT115°CFOR15MINTHEPEPTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHEWORKREPORTEDHEREWASTODETERMINETONESALTSOLUTIONCONTAINEDPEPTONESALTOXOIDCM733WHETHERTHEUSEOFHEATINCOMBINATIONWITHENHANCED95G,OFWHICHPEPTONEMADEUP10GANDNACLMADEUP85G,DISTILLEDWATER1000MLTHESOLUTIONWASAUTOCLAVEDAT120°CFOR20MINTHEMALTEXTRACTBROTHCONTAINEDMALTCORRESPONDENCEHLMLELIEVELD,UNILEVERRESEARCHLABORATORIUMEXTRACTOXOIDCM57200G,OFWHICHMALTEXTRACTMADEVLAARDINGEN,POBOX1143130AC,VLAARDINGEN,THENETHERLANDSUP17GANDMYCOLOGICALPEPTONEMADEUP30G,DISTILLED2CURRENTADDRESSASEPT,RUEDESDOCTEURSCALMETTEETGUE′RIN,BP49WATER1000MLTHEBROTHWASAUTOCLAVEDAT115°CFOR53020,LAVALCEDEX,FRANCERECEIVED9SEPTEMBER1996ACCEPTED31JANUARY199710MINDECONTAMINATIONOFFOODPACKINGMATERIALDRAYNAUDANDHLMLELIEVELD328TABLE1INACTIVATIONOFSPORESOFPROQUEFORTIIUNDERVARIOUSCONDITIONSATREATMENTRESULTSTEMPERATUREINSIDERELATIVEHUMIDITYTEMPERATUREOFTIMEBETWEENNONRNO/NLOGRMEANSTERILIZATIONCHAMBERHEATINGPLATESHEATINGPLATESS°C°C4910060114102640?15250074600?1571007011410986140115250042700126210080114108981604352500135503813060?9?3402275870016603567100850306031991775870030401911400?1?140035055300115028731009001400?1?14003335530019291014410?5?88239855000?3?18333761009504410?3?14703485500012458315660?1?566039153300?5?10660771008805660?1?566037653300?9?592230100340403050130114560183025321203036826003890021NOTMEASURED40403001327150317582600832994560?3?152018180340482600?4?20650AINALLTESTSWITH100HUMIDITYTHETOTALTREATMENTTIMEWASSLIGHTLYLESSTHAN3SVALUESOFNAREAVERAGESOFCFUCOUNTSOFTHREEIDENTICALEXPERIMENTS,USINGDISCSOFEQUALINITIALCONTAMINATIONLOGRWASCALCULATEDAFTERAVERAGINGTHEVALUESOFRFROMIDENTICALEXPERIMENTSTHE‘?’SIGNSHAVEBEENIGNOREDTHUSTHELOGRVALUESMAYBEMINIMUMVALUESFIGURE3THEREDUCTIONINNUMBEROFVIABLESPORESOFPROQUEFORTIASAFUNCTIONOFTHETEMPERATUREATHIGHAANDLOWBRELATIVEHUMIDITY???T1S???T0S???T1S,RH?40

簡介：MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA413–4142005545–549GROWTHRATEANDIMPURITYDISTRIBUTIONINMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONFORSOLARCELLSRANNVEIGKVANDE?,?YVINDMJ?S,BIRGITRYNINGENNORWEGIANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,DEPARTMENTOFMATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,ALFREDGETSVEI2,7491TRONDHEIM,NORWAYRECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM1JULY2005ABSTRACTTHESOLIDIFICATIONRATEOFMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONMADEBYDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONHASBEENDETERMINEDBYINSITUMEASUREMENTSOFTHESOLID/LIQUIDINTERFACEPOSITIONINAPILOTSCALEFURNACETWOEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDWHERESILICONWASSOLIDIFIEDVERTICALLYFROMTHEBOTTOMWITHANEARLYPLANARINTERFACEANDCOOLEDAFTERSOLIDIFICATIONATTWODIFFERENTRATESTHEAVERAGESOLIDIFICATIONRATEWASFOUNDTOBE410?6M/S,WHICHFITSWELLCOMPAREDTOVALUESCALCULATEDFROMTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSBENEATHTHECRUCIBLETHESOLIDIFIEDSILICONWASEXAMINEDTODETERMINETHECARBONANDOXYGENDISTRIBUTIONANDTHEELECTRONLIFETIMEVERTICALLYINTHEINGOTSTHECARBONDISTRIBUTIONWASQUITESIMILARINBOTHINGOTSWITHACONCENTRATIONOFABOUT4PPMAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEINGOTSAHIGHEROXYGENCONCENTRATIONWASFOUNDINTHEINGOTWITHSLOWCOOLINGTHISWASARESULTOFPOORCOATINGWHICHINCREASEDOXYGENDIFFUSIONFROMTHECRUCIBLETHEELECTRONLIFETIMEWASFOUNDTOBEABOUT10?SINTHEMATERIALWITHFASTCOOLING,WHEREASTHEMATERIALWITHSLOWCOOLINGHADANELECTRONLIFETIMEOF2?SMOREDIFFUSIONOFIRONFROMTHECRUCIBLEMAYBETHEREASONFORTHELOWLIFETIMEINTHEMATERIALWITHSLOWCOOLING?2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONSOLIDIFICATIONRATEIMPURITYDISTRIBUTIONELECTRONLIFETIME1INTRODUCTIONMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONISTHEMOSTUSEDMATERIALINSOLARCELLSWITHASHAREOFMORETHAN50OFTHESHIPPEDPVMODULESWORLDWIDE1DIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONISACOMMONMETHODTOCASTMULTICRYSTALLINESILICONFORUSEINSOLARCELLSHERE,THESILICONISMELTEDANDSOLIDIFIEDFROMBELOWBYEXTRACTIONOFHEATTHROUGHTHECRUCIBLEBOTTOM,RESULTINGINANEARLYPLANARSOLID/LIQUIDINTERFACEMOSTIMPURITIESARESEGREGATEDTOWARDSTHETOP,ANDTHEFINALCRYSTALSTRUCTUREISDOMINATEDBYLARGECOLUMNARGRAINSPARALLELTOTHESOLIDIFICATIONDIRECTIONTHESOLARENERGYCONVERSIONEFFICIENCYOFMULTICRYSTALLINESOLARCELLSISTYPICALLYINTHERANGEOF12–15THEEFFICIENCYISMAINLYLIMITEDBYMINORITYCARRIERRECOMBINATIONATDISLOCATIONSANDINTRAGRANULARDEFECTSSUCHASIMPURITIES,SMALLCLUSTERSOFATOMS,ORPRECIPITATES2SINCERECOMBINATIONATPUREDISLOCATIONSISKNOWNTOBERELATIVELYWEAK,ITHASBEENSUGGESTED?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL4773596867FAX4773550203EMAILADDRESSRANNVEIGKVANDEMATERIALNTNUNORKVANDETHATTHEDECORATIONWITHMETALLICIMPURITIESORPRECIPITATESISRESPONSIBLEFORTHEENHANCEDRECOMBINATIONINTHESEREGIONS3–5ITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHESOLIDIFICATIONPROCESSSTRONGLYAFFECTSTHEEFFICIENCYTHESOLIDIFICATIONCONTROLSTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEMATERIAL,WHILEPOSTSOLIDIFICATIONCOOLINGISBELIEVEDTOAFFECTTHEDISLOCATIONDENSITYTHECURVATUREOFTHESOLIDIFIEDINTERFACEMAYAFFECTTHECRYSTALMORPHOLOGYANDTHELOCATIONOFIMPURITIESINTHESOLIDIFIEDMATERIALCARBONANDOXYGENARE,BESIDESNITROGEN,THEMAINIMPURITIESINMULTICRYSTALLINESILICON,WHERECARBONORIGINATESPRIMARILYFROMINSULATIONANDHEATINGELEMENTSINTHEFURNACE,WHILEOXYGENDIFFUSESINTOTHEMELTFROMTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLETHEPRESENTPAPERDESCRIBESEXPERIMENTSMADEINORDERTODETERMINETHEGROWTHRATEOFSILICONDURINGDIRECTIONALSOLIDIFICATIONINAPILOTSCALEBRIDGMANFURNACE,ANDTOESTABLISHTHEINFLUENCEOFCOOLINGRATEONTHEMINORITYCARRIERLIFETIMEWHICHISAFFECTEDBYTHEDISLOCATIONDENSITYTHEGROWTHRATEISALSOCALCULATEDFROMTEMPERATUREMEASUREMENTSINTHEPEDESTALBENEATHTHECRUCIBLETHEMATERIALFROMBOTHEXPERIMENTSWASCHARACTERIZEDTODETERMINETHECARBONANDOXYGENDISTRIBUTIONVERTICALLYINTHEINGOTS09215093/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMSEA200509035RKVANDEETAL/MATERIALSSCIENCEANDENGINEERINGA413–4142005545–549547FIG3MEASUREDANDCALCULATEDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHASFUNCTIONOFTIMECOMBININGEQS1–3ANDASSUMINGQSI,SQCRQGQ,GIVESTHEFOLLOWINGEXPRESSIONQATM?TPTGKGTSI,SKSI,STCRKCR4THETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYCOEFFICIENTSAREASSUMEDCONSTANTDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONTHEPEDESTALTEMPERATURETPISMEASUREDBYATHERMOCOUPLEDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONHEATTRANSFERTHROUGHTHESOLIDIFIEDSILICONCANBEEXPRESSEDASQSI,SQHEATFROMREACTIONQHEATFROMLIQUID?HSIΡSIMSIVAAKSI,LΔTSH?TM5?HSIISTHELATENTHEATFORSILICON,ΡSITHESILICONDENSITY,MSITHEMOLARMASSFORSILICON,ANDVISTHEGROWTHRATEBYSETTINGEQ4EQ5THEFOLLOWINGEQUATIONWASDERIVEDFORTHEGROWTHRATEVMSIΡSI?HSI??TM?TPTSI,SKSI,STCRKCRTGKG?KSI,LIQΔTSH?TM??6EQ6ISSIMPLIFIEDBYNEGLECTINGTHESECONDTERMUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONOFNOMELTSUPERHEAT,TSH0THETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLEISUNCERTAINANDTHECONSTANTKCRINEQ6INCLUDESALSOINREALITYTHETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHECOATING,WHICHISDEPENDENTOFTHICKNESSANDDENSITYOFTHECOATINGITISTHEREFOREDIFFICULTTOQUANTIFYKCRANDTHEGROWTHRATEISCALCULATEDATTWODIFFERENTCONDUCTIVITIESTHECALCULATEDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHCORRESPONDSWELLWITHTHEMEASUREDVALUESWHENASSUMINGTHETHERMALCONDUCTIVITYOFTHECRUCIBLETOBE12W/MK,ASSHOWNINFIG3THEMEASUREDSOLIDIFICATIONLENGTHASFUNCTIONOFTIMEWASVERYSIMILARINTHETWOEXPERIMENTS,INDICATINGSTABLEANDREPRODUCIBLETHERMALCONDITIONSANAVERAGEGROWTHRATEOF410?6M/SISCALCULATEDFROMTHEMEASUREDVALUESTHECURVATUREOFTHEINTERFACEDURINGSOLIDIFICATIONWASINBOTHEXPERIMENTSSLIGHTLYCONVEXWITHANAPPROXIMATELYHEIGHTDIFFERENCEOF5MMBETWEENCENTREANDHALFWAYOUTTOTHESIDESFIG4CARBONCONTENTASFUNCTIONOFVERTICALPOSITIONININGOT,MEASUREDANDCALCULATEDFROMSCHEILEQUATION32CARBONANDOXYGENCONTENTTHECARBONCONTENT,SHOWNINFIG4,INCREASESINVERTICALDIRECTIONASARESULTOFSEGREGATIONANDEXCEEDSTHESOLUBILITYLIMITATTHEENDOFSOLIDIFICATIONTHISRESULTSINPRECIPITATIONOFSIC,ANDTHELASTMEASUREMENTFORBOTHINGOTSWILLTHEREFOREDEVIATEFROMTHEREALCARBONCONTENTSINCEFTIRCANONLYMEASURESUBSTITUTIONALCARBONTHECARBONDISTRIBUTIONINTHETWOINGOTSWASQUITESIMILARWITHACONCENTRATIONOFABOUT4PPMAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEINGOTSTHECARBONCONTENTWASALSOCALCULATEDBYSCHEILEQUATIONUSINGADISTRIBUTIONCOEFFICIENTOF005810THESTARTCONCENTRATIONWASSETTO17PPMATHEMEASUREDCARBONCONCENTRATIONSFITWELLWITHTHECONCENTRATIONPROFILECALCULATEDFROMSCHEILEQUATIONTHEOXYGENPROFILERESULTSFROMTHECOMPETITIONOFTHREEMECHANISMSDIFFUSIONFROMTHECRUCIBLE,SOLIDIFICATIONREJECTION,ANDEVAPORATIONFROMTHEMELTSURFACETHEOXYGENCONCENTRATIONISPARTICULARLYHIGHATTHEBOTTOMFORBOTHINGOTSANDDECREASESFROMBOTTOMTOTOPASSHOWNINFIG5THEHIGHCONCENTRATIONINTHELOWERPARTISARESULTOFOXYGENDIFFUSIONINTOTHEMELTFROMTHEQUARTZCRUCIBLETHECONTACTAREABETWEENMELTANDCRUCIBLEREDUCESASSOLIDIFICATIONPROCEEDSANDTHISFIG5OXYGENCONTENTASFUNCTIONOFVERTICALPOSITIONININGOT

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簡介：畢業(yè)論文（設計）畢業(yè)論文（設計）外文翻譯題目機械臂動力學與控制的研究系部名稱系部名稱機械工程系專業(yè)班級專業(yè)班級機自學生姓名學生姓名學號號指導教師指導教師教師職稱教師職稱2011年03月20日2圖、1一臺由賽格威RMP200和輕重量型庫卡機器人組成的平臺這項工作平臺用于如圖1所示,是由一個SEGWAY與一家機器人制造商制造的RMP200輕機器人。其有一個相對較小的軌跡和高機動性能的平臺使它適應在室內(nèi)環(huán)境移動。庫卡工業(yè)機器人具有較長的長臂和高有效載荷比自身的重量,從而使其適合移動操作。當控制移動機械臂系統(tǒng)時,有一個選擇是是否考慮一個或兩個系統(tǒng)的實體。在參考文獻1和2中是根據(jù)雅可比理論將機械手末端和移動平臺結(jié)合在一起形成一個單一的控制系統(tǒng)。另一方面,這項研究發(fā)表在3和4,認為它們在設計時是獨立的實體,但不包括兩者之間的限制條件,如延伸能力和穩(wěn)定性。這種控制系統(tǒng)的提出是基于動態(tài)系統(tǒng)方法5,6。它分為兩個層次，其中我們在較低的水平，并考慮到移動平臺作為兩個獨立的實體，然后再以安全的方式結(jié)合在上層操縱者。在本文中主要的研究目的是展現(xiàn)動力系統(tǒng)方法可以應用于移動機械臂和使用各級協(xié)調(diào)行為的控制。本文剩下的安排如下。第二部分介紹系統(tǒng)的總體結(jié)構(gòu)設計,其次是機械手末端移動平臺的控制在第三第四部分講述。在第五部分我們在結(jié)束本文之前將顯示一些實驗。然而,首先與動力學系統(tǒng)有關工作總結(jié)與方法將在在部分IA提供。

簡介：JOURNALOFUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJINGVOLUME15,NUMBER2,APRIL2008,PAGE114METALLURGYCORRESPONDINGAUTHORWENJUNWANG,EMAILWANGUSTBYAHOOCOMALSOAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM?2008UNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJINGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDFORMATIONOFINTERNALCRACKSINSTEELBILLETSDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONWENJUNWANG1,2,LINXINNING2,RAIMUNDBüLTE1,ANDWOLFGANGBLECK11INSTITUTEOFFERROUSMETALLURGY,RWTHAACHENUNIVERSITY,AACHEN52072,GERMANY2SHOUGANGGROUPRESEARCHINSTITUTE,BEIJING100041,CHINARECEIVED20070420ABSTRACTTOINVESTIGATETHEFORMATIONOFINTERNALCRACKSINSTEELBILLETSDURINGSOFTREDUCTION,FULLYCOUPLEDTHERMOMECHANICALFINITEELEMENTMODELSWEREDEVELOPEDUSINGTHECOMMERCIALSOFTWAREABAQUS,ALSOCASTINGANDSOFTREDUCTIONTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTINALABORATORYSTRANDCASTINGMACHINEWITHTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELS,THETEMPERATUREDISTRIBUTION,THESTRESSANDSTRAINSTATESINTHEBILLETWERECALCULATEDTHERELATIONBETWEENINTERNALCRACKSANDEQUIVALENTPLASTICSTRAIN,ASWELLASMAXIMALPRINCIPALSTRESSWASANALYZEDTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTENSILESTRESSESCANDEVELOPINTHEMUSHYZONEDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONANDTHEEQUIVALENTSTRAINNEARBYTHEZERODUCTILITYTEMPERATUREZDTINCREASESWITHDECREASINGSOLIDFRACTIONINTERNALCRACKSCANBEINITIATEDWHENTHEACCUMULATEDSTRAINEXCEEDSTHECRITICALSTRAINORTHEAPPLIEDTENSILESTRESSEXCEEDSTHECRITICALFRACTURESTRESSDURINGSOLIDIFICATION?2008UNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBEIJINGALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSTEELSOFTREDUCTIONFINITEELEMENTMODELINTERNALCRACKSTHISWORKWASFINANCIALLYSUPPORTEDBYTHEDEUTSCHEFORSCHUNGSGEMEINSCHAFTDFGWITHINTHECOLLABORATIVERESEARCHCENTRESFB2891INTRODUCTIONINTHECONTINUOUSCASTINGOFSTEELS,CENTERLINESEGREGATIONANDCENTERPOROSITYARECOMMONPROBLEMSTHESOFTREDUCTIONTECHNIQUECANBEAPPLIEDTOMINIMIZESEGREGATIONANDPOROSITYBYREDUCINGTHESTRANDNEARTHEFINALSOLIDIFICATIONREGIONTOCOMPENSATEFORSOLIDIFICATIONSHRINKAGETOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFSOFTREDUCTIONONTHEINTERNALQUALITYOFHIGHCARBONSTEELBILLETS,EXPERIMENTALTRIALSWERECARRIEDOUTATDIFFERENTSOLIDIFIEDSHELLTHICKNESSESINTHELABORATORYSTRANDCASTINGMACHINEATTHEINSTITUTEOFFERROUSMETALLURGYOFRWTHAACHENUNIVERSITYTHERESULTSINDICATEDTHATTHEINTERNALQUALITYOFTHEBILLETHASBEENIMPROVEDBYSOFTREDUCTIONWITHLIQUIDCORETHEQUANTITYANDDIMENSIONOFTHECENTERSEGREGATIONAREAANDCENTERPOROSITYDECREASEDANDTHEWIDTHOFTHEEQUIAXEDCRYSTALZONEINCREASEDHOWEVER,INSOMEBILLETSWITHSOFTREDUCTION,INTERNALCRACKSWEREOBSERVEDTHESECRACKSARELOCATEDMIDWAYBETWEENTHESURFACEANDCENTERLINEOFTHEBILLETSANDPERPENDICULARTOTHECASTINGDIRECTIONACCORDINGTOREFS15,THEFORMATIONOFTHESECRACKSHASACLOSERELATIONWITHTHESTRENGTHANDDUCTILITYOFSTEELINTHEMUSHYZONEBETWEENTHEZERODUCTILITYTEMPERATUREZDTANDTHEZEROSTRENGTHTEMPERATUREZSTSTRENGTHANDDUCTILITYHAVESMALLVALUESINTHEMUSHYZONEBECAUSEOFTHEEXISTENCEOFINTERDENDRITICLIQUIDFILMSATTHEGRAINBOUNDARIESTHEREFORE,ATENSILEDEFORMATIONINTHISTEMPERATURERANGECANCAUSETHESEPARATIONOFDENDRITESANDINTERNALCRACKSWILLFORMWHENTHESTRAINEXCEEDSACRITICALVALUE2THEOBJECTIVEOFTHISSTUDYISTODETECTTHEREASONFORTHEINTERNALCRACKFORMATIONINTHEBILLETSWITHSOFTREDUCTIONFORTHISPURPOSE,CASTINGANDSOFTREDUCTIONTESTSWERECARRIEDOUTINALABORATORYSTRANDCASTINGMACHINEINADDITION,3DCOUPLEDTHERMOMECHANICALFINITEELEMENTMODELSWEREDEVELOPEDTOCALCULATETHETEMPERATURE,STRESSANDSTRAININTHEBILLETDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONTHECALCULATIONSWERECARRIEDOUTUSINGTHECOMMERCIALFINITEELEMENTSOFTWAREABAQUSWITHTHESECALCULATIONSTHECORRELATIONBETWEENINTERNALCRACKSANDDEFORMATIONOFTHEBILLETINTHEMUSHYZONE116JUNIVSCITECHNOLBEIJING,VOL15,NO2,APR2008PROCESS,ONEQUARTEROFTHEBILLETWITHANINITIALLENGTHOF240MMWASMODELLEDTHEGEOMETRYANDMESHOFTHEROLLINGMODELARESHOWNINFIG2INTHISMODEL,THEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHEBILLETANDTHEROLLSWASASSUMEDTOBE027,WHICHISINAGREEMENTWITHTHEFRICTIONCOEFFICIENTDURINGHOTROLLINGOFHIGHCARBONSTEELSATTHEHOTROLLINGTEMPERATUREOF9001200°C7DURINGSOFTREDUCTION,THEROLLTEMPERATURECHANGEDAPPROXIMATELYFROM50°CATTHEENTRYTO300°CATTHEEXITOFTHEROLLGAPTHEREFORE,INTHEROLLINGMODEL,ANAVERAGEVALUEOF160°CWASCHOSENASTHETEMPERATUREBOUNDARYCONDITIONOFTHEROLLSDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONFIG2GEOMETRYANDMESHOFTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELTHETHERMOPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFTHEBILLETINTHEROLLINGMODEL,SUCHASDENSITY,YOUNG’SMODULUS,THERMALCONDUCTIVITY,SPECIFICHEATCAPACITY,THERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT,CHANGEWITHTEMPERATUREANDARETAKENFROMREFS89THEFLOWSTRESSOFBILLETSFROM600°CTOZDTWASDETERMINEDBYHOTCOMPRESSIVETESTSATTHETEMPERATURESEXCEEDINGZDT,THEMATERIALMODELPROPOSEDBYLEEANDKIMWASUSEDTOOBTAINTHEFLOWSTRESSINTHEMUSHYZONE10INTHEROLLGAP,THEBILLETSARECOOLEDDOWNBYTHECOLDROLLSTHROUGHHEATCONDUCTION,ANDASHARPTEMPERATUREDROPAPPEARSATTHESURFACEOFTHEBILLETSTHEHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHEBILLETANDTHEROLLSDEPENDSONTHEBILLETANDROLLTEMPERATURE,THEROLLINGSPEED,THETHICKNESSREDUCTION,ANDTHESURFACEROUGHNESSOFTHEBILLETANDTHEROLLSINTHEROLLINGMODEL,THEHEATTRANSFERCOEFFICIENTWASASSUMEDTOBE7000W/M2?K,WHICHISINAGREEMENTWITHTHEVALUESINREFS1112INTHEAREAOUTSIDETHEROLLGAP,THEHEATISLEDAWAYTOTHEATMOSPHEREBYRADIATIONANDCONVECTIONFROMTHEBILLETSURFACETHEREFORETHEAPPROACHPROPOSEDBYTHOMAS13WASUSEDASFOLLOWSTODESCRIBETHEHEATFLUXATTHEBILLETSURFACE44133BB124QTTTTΣΕ∞∞??QΣTHESTEFANBOLTZMANNCONSTANT56710?8W/M2?K?4ANDΕTHEEMISSIVITYOFTHEBILLET,WHICHWASASSUMEDTOBE0814INADDITION,INTHENORMALDIRECTIONOFALLTHESYMMETRYPLANES,THEREISNEITHERDISPLACEMENTNORHEATTRANSFERTHEMECHANICALBOUNDARYCONDITIONOFTHEROLLSALLOWSONLYAROTATIONAROUNDTHEIRAXES4RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONTOVERIFYTHEVALIDITYOFTHEFINITEELEMENTMODELS,THECALCULATEDTEMPERATURESINTHEMOULDANDATTHESURFACEOFTHEBILLETSARECOMPAREDWITHTHEMEASUREDVALUESINFIGS3AND4,RESPECTIVELYINFIG3,DIFFERENTDEPTHSINTHELEGENDSTANDFORDIFFERENTDISTANCESFROMTHEEXTERNALSURFACETOWARDTHEINTERNALSURFACEOFTHEMOULDALONGITSRADIUSATTHESEPOSITIONS,THETEMPERATURESWEREMEASUREDWITHTHERMOCOUPLESANDCALCULATEDWITHABAQUSTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHECALCULATEDANDMEASUREDMOULDTEMPERATURESAGREEWELLWITHEACHOTHERTHEMAXIMUMDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMEASUREDANDCALCULATEDMOULDTEMPERATURESIS6°C,WHICHIS10OFTHEMEASUREDTEMPERATURESTHECALCULATEDSURFACETEMPERATURESOFTHEBILLETSINFIG4SHOWAGOODAGREEMENTWITHTHEMEASUREDVALUESTHEREFORETHEFINITEELEMENTMODELSINTHISARTICLECANBEUSEDTOCALCULATETHESOLIDFRACTIONINTHECOREOFBILLETSDURINGSOFTREDUCTIONFIG3COMPARISONOFTHEMEASUREDANDCALCULATEDTEMPERATURESOFTHEMOULD

簡介：畢業(yè)設計外文資料翻譯畢業(yè)設計外文資料翻譯題目智能速度適應動態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)更新（ISA）系統(tǒng)學院自動化與電氣工程學院專業(yè)自動化班級自0802學生邢國建學號20080301115指導教師指導教師張恩平二〇一二年四月二十三日濟南大學畢業(yè)設計外文資料翻譯2險。因此，據(jù)估計，約有10％的傷亡是可以預防的，如果駕車人士經(jīng)常出差大群高達10公里/?超過限制，鼓勵遵守車速限制。如果遵守所有車輛的車速限制，可以預防約20％的傷亡。節(jié)省致命的崩潰將是更大的。有許多類型的ISA系統(tǒng)，GPS全球定位系統(tǒng)基于ISA是最新和最有效的制度。與ISA系統(tǒng)GPS接收機用于檢測車“的地球上的當前位置為坐標，這個坐標來找到它通過預裝的地圖位置，其中包含的信息有關的道路，其各種公路信號和速度限制。事件雖然這個系統(tǒng)是最近的和有效的，也有一些限制，在這個系統(tǒng)中，這就是為什么這個項目是為了降低成本，現(xiàn)行的制度，提高可靠性，使系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)更新信息。1212現(xiàn)有的速度適應系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)有的速度適應系統(tǒng)有速度適應系統(tǒng)提出了在不同的時間、數(shù)量的情況下，但他們沒有有效的導致故障。一些重要的速度適應該系統(tǒng)的情況。121121RFIDRFID無線電導航無線電導航路邊無線電航標，在車內(nèi)的接收器數(shù)據(jù)傳輸工作。燈塔不斷傳輸數(shù)據(jù)，其中CARMOUNTED接收拿起每個烽火臺傳遞。此數(shù)據(jù)可能包括當?shù)氐能囁傧拗疲瑢W校區(qū)，變速限制，或交通警示。如果使用，并定期放置足夠數(shù)量的燈塔，他們可以計算出車輛行駛速度的基礎上多少燈塔的車輛通過每秒。信標可以被放置在/速度標志，電線桿，其他路邊燈具，或在道路本身。移動信標可以部署以固定信標，在惡劣的天氣，或在特殊事件，事故現(xiàn)場周圍覆蓋。信標可以連接到一臺主計算機，可以作出這樣的快速變化。該系統(tǒng)可用于只有緩慢的車輛。實際上，它不能被用來在高速公路與高速的車輛。當車輛在道路上高速移動，數(shù)據(jù)不會被拾起由用車單位，因此該系統(tǒng)十分有效。122光學識別系統(tǒng)該系統(tǒng)使用安裝在汽車上的相機，不斷捕捉道路上的圖像。圖像處理找到，如果有任何圖像上的標志牌，這是通過數(shù)字圖像處理技術檢測招牌的形狀。一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)標志牌，招牌找到其他算法在圖像模式用于提取的象征和比較，以識別標志牌。根據(jù)確認的符號，信息給司機通過儀表盤上的液晶顯示器或蜂鳴器警報，甚至控制車輛自動以嚴格的公路規(guī)則。應當指出，所有這些過程中必須進行的幾分之一秒內(nèi)。有人建議保持視覺招牌，從點越來越遠。對于如?，F(xiàn)在，如果招牌被放置50M從速度斷路器離開，有人建議保持100米距離如此，該系統(tǒng)具有足夠的時間來處理和驅(qū)動的招牌，有足夠的時間來控制車輛。該系統(tǒng)使用復雜的算法使用多少資源當標志牌被樹枝覆蓋的一些關鍵的情況下，系統(tǒng)沒有檢測到的標志牌。123航位推算

簡介：ODMATRICESESTIMATIONFROMLINKFLOWSBYNEURALNETWORKSANDPCALORENZOMUSSONE1,MATTEOMATTEUCCI21DEPARTMENTOFBUILDINGENVIRONMENTSCIENCETECHNOLOGY,POLITECNICODIMILANO,ITALYMUSSONEPOLIMIIT,VIABONARDI,9,20123MILANO2DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICANDINFORMATION,POLITECNICODIMILANO,ITALYMATTEUCCELETPOLIMIIT,VIAPONZIO,34/5,20123MILANOABSTRACTTHEPAPERTACKLESODMATRIXESTIMATIONSTARTINGFROMTHEMEASURESOFFLOWONROADNETWORKLINKSANDPROPOSESTHEAPPLICATIONOFSOFTCOMPUTINGTECHNIQUESTHEAPPLICATIONSCENARIOSARETWOATRIALNETWORKANDTHEREALRURALNETWORKOFTHEPROVINCEOFNAPLESBOTHSIMULATEDBYAMICROSIMULATORDYNAMICALLYASSIGNINGKNOWNODMATRICESAPCAPRINCIPALCOMPONENTANALYSISTECHNIQUEWASALSOUSEDTOREDUCETHEINPUTSPACEOFVARIABLESINORDERTOACHIEVEBETTERSIGNIFICANCEFORINPUTDATAANDTOSTUDYTHEPOSSIBLEEIGENGRAPHSOFTHEROADNETWORKSCOPYRIGHT?2006IFACKEYWORDSODESTIMATION,NEURALNETWORKS,PCA,LINKFLOWMEASURES,VARIANCESTABILIZATION1INTRODUCTIONTHEANALYSISOFURBANNETWORKSWASORGANICALLYANDSIGNIFICANTLYDEVELOPEDSINCETHEMIDDLEOF80SINORDERTOSOLVEPROBLEMSRELATEDTOROADCIRCULATIONMANYPLANNINGANDCONTROLMETHODOLOGIESBOTHWITHEQUILIBRIUMANDDYNAMICAPPROACHESAREBASEDONTHEUSEOFANORIGINDESTINATIONMATRIXODFIELDSURVEYNECESSARYTOBUILDTHISMATRIXISEXPENSIVEANDCANNOTBEREPEATEDWITHAHIGHFREQUENCYFORTHISREASON,METHODOLOGICALANDOPERATINGALTERNATIVESHAVEBEENEXPERIMENTEDSINCEMANYYEARSANDTHEYAIMATBUILDINGTHEODMATRIXBYUSINGLINKFLOWSTHATGENERALLYCOSTLESSTOBEMEASUREDINORDERTOSOLVETHEPROBLEMOFODESTIMATIONMANYAPPROACHESHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDSOMEAREBASEDONENTROPYMAXIMIZATIONTHATISONTHEMAXIMIZATIONOFTRIPDISTRIBUTIONDISPERSIONONALLAVAILABLEPATHSINSOMECASESTHEBUILTMODELREFERSTOANODMATRIXOBJECTIVEWITHOUTREFERRINGINDEEDTOESTIMATIONERRORS,ORTOSTATISTICESTIMATIONINDEXESORTOLIKELIHOODFUNCTIONSVANZUYLENANDWILLUMSEN,1980THISMODELWASLATEREXTENDEDTOCONGESTEDNETWORKSBYFORMULATINGANOPTIMIZATIONPROBLEMWITHVARIATIONALDISEQUALITYCONSTRAINTSLEADINGTOABILEVELPROGRAMMETHEBILEVELAPPROACHPRESENTSSOMEDIFFICULTIESTOFINDTHEOPTIMALSOLUTIONBECAUSEOFNONCONVEXANDNONDIFFERENTIALFORMULATIONFLORIANANDCHEN1995FORMULATEDAHEURISTICAPPROACHOFGAUSSSEIDELTYPECAPABLEOFCONVERGINGTOOPTIMALSOLUTIONBYLIMITINGTHEOBJECTIVETOTHECORRECTIONOFO/DMATRIXOTHERAPPROACHESAREBASEDONMODELSTHATUSETHESTATISTICALPROPERTIESOFOBSERVEDVARIABLESFORINSTANCEMAHER1983PROPOSEDABAYESIANESTIMATIONBYMEANSOFANORMALMULTIVARIATEDISTRIBUTIONBOTHFORMATRIXDISTRIBUTIONANDFORLINKFLOWCASCETTA1984USEDANESTIMATIONBASEDONGENERALIZEDLEASTSQUARESGLSANOVERVIEWOFSTATISTICALMETHODSFORESTIMATINGODMATRIXCANBEFOUNDINCASCETTAANDNGUYEN1988ITREGARDSGENERALIZEDANDCONSTRAINEDLEASTSQUARESANDESTIMATIONOFLIKELIHOODANDBAYESIANTYPETHEMOSTOFTHESESTUDIESASSUMESAFIXEDPERCENTAGEOFLINKORPATHCHOICECALCULATEDBYADETERMINISTICUSEREQUILIBRIUMASSIGNMENTMODELTHISCANCAUSESOMEINCONSISTENCYBETWEENFLOWSANDTHEODMATRIXESPECIALLYWHENTHENETWORKISHIGHLYCONGESTEDINORDERTOOVERTAKETHISLIMITATION,CASCETTA1989PROPOSEDTOINTERPRETLINKANDPATHFLOWSLIKESTOCHASTICVARIABLESAND,THEREFORE,VALUESOBTAINEDBYASUEASSIGNMENTLIKETHEAVERAGEVALUESOFTHESEVARIABLESONTHESAMELINETHEREAREOTHERPAPERSSUCHASYANGETAL1992,ANDINASUCCESSIVEIMPROVEMENTINYANGETAL,2001LOETAL1996PROPOSEDAUNIFIEDSTATISTICALAPPROACHFORTHEESTIMATIONOFODMATRIXUSINGSIMULTANEOUSLYLINKFLOWDATAANDINFORMATIONABOUTLINKCHOICEPERCENTAGEGONG1998USESAHOPFIELDNEURALNETWORKASATOOLFORSOLVINGANOPTIMALPROBLEM,COMPONENTSINTHEFOLLOWINGPLOTS,ARCSWITHAHIGHERCONTRIBUTIONARETHICKERANDTHEIRCOLORISREDIFTHEYHAVEAPOSITIVECONTRIBUTIONOTHERWISEISBLUETHEVISUALIZATIONOFEIGENFLOWS,IE,THEPRODUCTOFTHEFLOWMATRIXANDTHEEIGENGRAPHS,SHOWNINTHENEXTCHAPTERS,ISTHEPROJECTIONOFTRAFFICFLOWSONTOTHEEIGENGRAPHSPACEINTHESAMEWAYASBEFORE,ARCSWITHAHIGHERCONTRIBUTIONTOFLOWARETHICKERANDTHEIRCOLORISREDIFTHEYHAVEAPOSITIVECONTRIBUTIONOTHERWISETHEIRCOLORISBLUE3APPLICATIONSCENARIOS31THESIMULATORTHESCENARIOSREFERREDTODURINGEXPERIMENTATIONSAREPRODUCEDBYASIMULATIONENVIRONMENTFORROADNETWORKSDEVELOPEDBYTHETRANSPORTSECTIONOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFNAPLESTHISSIMULATORISABLETOREPRODUCEDYNAMICVEHICULARFLOWSTARTINGFROMAGENERICTRANSPORTDEMANDSETTINGUPTHEEXPERIMENTSREQUIRESTHEDEFINITIONOFTHETRANSPORTSYSTEM,DEMANDANDSUPPLY,BYWHICHEVERYMODELANDPROCEDURESMUSTBECALIBRATEDFORTHISREASON,ATRIALNETWORKWITH6NODESAMONGWHICHTHEREARE3CENTROIDSAND12LINKSWASFIRSTLYUSEDFIGURE1FIG1THESIMPLIFIEDNETWORKFORFIRSTEXPERIMENTSFIG2SCHEMATICNETWORKUSEDFORTHERURALROADNETWORKOFTHEPROVINCEOFNAPLESTHEN,WITHTHEAIMATMAKINGMORELIKELYTHEAPPLICATIONSCENERY,AREALLANDSYSTEMHASBEENSURVEYEDBOTHWITHITSDEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSANDACTIVITYLOCATIONS,ANDACTUALTRANSPORTSUPPLYTHETERRITORIALCONTEXTISTHEWHOLEPROVINCEOFNAPLESFROMWHICHTHERURALROADNETWORKHASBEENEXTRACTEDFIGURE2THISNETWORKHAS994NODESAMONGWHICHTHEREARE45CENTROIDSAND1363LINKSREDUCEDTO1190AFTERDISCHARGINGLINKSWITHNOFLOW32DEMANDANDVEHICULARFLOWONLINKSDEMANDISCHARACTERIZEDBYWITHINDAYANDDAYTODAYDYNAMICANDITISUPDATEDEACH15MINUTESFLOWSONLINKAREDETECTEDEACHFIVEMINUTESFORTHETRIALNETWORK,DEMANDISDESCRIBEDBYA3X3MATRIXANDTHENODES1AND6AREORIGINCENTROIDSTHENODES1,4AND6AREDESTINATIONCENTROIDSFORATOTALOFFOURNONEMPTYCELLSSIMULATIONDAYSARE15FORTHENETWORKOFNAPLESPROVINCETHEFINALNETWORKTHESCENERYISMORECOMPLEXDEMANDISDESCRIBEDBYA48X48WITH1004NONEMPTYCELLSOUTOF2304ANDWITHASTRUCTUREHIGHLYVARIABLEDURINGTHEDAYBESIDESTHEHIGHVARIABILITYOFDEMANDITMUSTBEUNDERLINEDTHATNONEMPTYCELLSSETSINTHE15MINUTEINTERVALSAREGENERALLYNOTOVERLAPPINGCELLSWITHLESSTHAN10VEHICLESPERHOURARECANCELLEDFORTWOMAINREASONSFIRSTLYTOREDUCEDATADISPERSIONANDSECONDLYBECAUSEITISVERYDIFFICULTTHATTHESELOWVALUESHAVEASTATISTICALSIGNIFICANCEWHILEITISLIKELYTHEYDON’TGIVEAREALINFORMATIONTHEFINALMATRIXHASTHEREFORE726NONEMPTYCELLSABOUTTHE31OFTHETOTALWITHAREDUCTIONOFTHENUMBEROFNONEMPTYCELLSOFABOUT28,BUTWITHREDUCTIONOFDEMANDOFONLYABOUT88SIMULATIONDAYSARE15ALSOFORTHISSCENARIOBUTOBVIOUSLYTHEAMOUNTOFDATATOBEUSEDISMORETHANTENTIMESHIGHERTOTALDEMANDIS41,488,230VEH/HFORBOTHNETWORKSTHENUMBEROFRECORDSIS1440FORODDEMANDAND4320FORLINKFLOWSFORTHISREASONEACHROWOFODDEMAND15MINUTEINTERVALISRELATEDTOTHETHREEROWSOFFLOWOFTHESAME15INTERVAL,LEADINGTO4320RECORDSBOTHFORODDEMANDANDLINKFLOWSBYUSINGTHEDATASETUNDEREXAMINATIONANDOBSERVINGTHEPLOTOFSEASONALITY,WECANARGUETHATPROCESSVARIANCEISLOWWHENTHESEASONALITYVALUEISLOWAND,CONVERSELY,ITISHIGHWHENTHESEASONALITYVALUEISHIGHASSUMINGTHIS,ITISREASONABLETOLOOKFORTHEEXISTENCEOFANANALYTICALRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSEASONALITYBASICALLYAMEANANDVARIANCETHEEXISTENCEOFARELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESETWOVARIABLESPLOTTEDINFIGURE3CONFIRMSTHATTHEPROCESSISNOTSTATIONARYFROMTHISFIGUREITCANBEEASYARGUEDTHATVARIANCEANDAVERAGEARERELATEDBYANONLINEARRELATIONSHIP,SPECIFICALLYAQUADRATICONEINTHISSITUATIONAPOSSIBLETECHNIQUETOSTABILIZETHEVARIANCEISTOAPPLYALOGARITHMICTRANSFORMATIONTHEFOLLOWINGRESULTSSHOWTHATTHISTRANSFORMATIONREALLYALLOWSUSTOIMPROVEPERFORMANCEOFABOUTSOMEPERCENTAGEPOINTSFORTHERMSEINDEXWITHRESPECTTORESULTSOBTAINEDWITHOUTSTABILIZATIONHOWEVER,ITMUSTBEUNDERLINEDTHATTHISRESULTISNOTGENERALTHOUGHINTRANSPORTAPPLICATIONITISRATHERFREQUENT

簡介：FULLDUPLEXDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONINCELLULARNETWORKSSANGHOONKIMANDWAYNESTARKUNIVERSITYOFMICHIGAN,ANNARBOR,MI48109KIMSANGHUMICHEDU/STARKUMICHEDUABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,WEINVESTIGATETHEPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTSOFSINGLEBANDFULLDUPLEXDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONTHATCANTRANSMITANDRECEIVEDONTHESAMEFREQUENCYBANDINCELLULARNETWORKSINCELLULARNETWORKS,TWOSEPARATEFREQUENCIESAREUSEDTOENABLESIMULTANEOUSTRANSMISSIONANDRECEPTIONFORHALFDUPLEXRADIOSRECENTLY,FULLDUPLEXRADIOSTHATALLOWSAWIRELESSNODETOSIMULTANEOUSLYTRANSMITANDRECEIVEINONEFREQUENCYBANDWEREPROPOSEDITWASSHOWNTHATITWASEFFECTIVEFORSHORTRANGECOMMUNICATIONSASSUCH,FULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONISADEQUATEFORDEVICETODEVICED2DCOMMUNICATION,WHICHISUSUALLYASHORTRANGECOMMUNICATIONDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONISANUNDERLAYSCHEMEFORCELLULARNETWORKSTHATENABLESPEERTOPEERLOCALSERVICESWITHLIMITEDIMPACTONTHEPRIMARYCELLULARNETWORKWHENUSERDEVICESARECLOSERTOEACHOTHERTHANTHEBASESTATION,D2DCOMMUNICATIONCANIMPROVETHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYOFTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEUSERSWHENFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONISADOPTEDFORD2DCOMMUNICATION,ITREQUIRESONLYONEFREQUENCYBANDFORTWOWAYCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELOCALUSERSITIMPROVESTHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONWEPROPOSEASIMPLEFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLANDANALYZETHEBANDWIDTHPERFORMANCEGAINOFTHEPROTOCOLCOMPAREDTOTHELEGACYCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONSCHEMEIINTRODUCTIONWIRELESSNETWORKSAREOFTENLIMITEDINEITHERTHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYORENERGYEFFICIENCYCELLULARNETWORKSWHICHUSEASIGNIFICANTAMOUNTOFINFRASTRUCTUREGENERALLYREQUIRECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTWOUSERSTOGOTHROUGHABASESTATIONIFTHETWOUSERSAREINCLOSEPROXIMITYTHISISANINEFFICIENTUSEOFTHEFREQUENCYSPECTRUMANDENERGY,ESPECIALLYIFTHECOMMUNICATIONSINVOLVESASUBSTANTIALAMOUNTOFDATADEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONSWHERECOMMUNICATIONSTAKESPLACEDIRECTLYBETWEENTWODEVICESRATHERTHANTHROUGHSOMEINFRASTRUCTUREHASTHECHALLENGEOFDECIDINGWHENDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONISAPPROPRIATEANDTHENTHEDESIGNOFTHEAPPROPRIATEPROTOCOLDEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONHASBEENINCLUDEDINSTANDARDSSUCHASIEEE80211INADISTRIBUTEDFASHIONINANIEEE80211NETWORK,AWIRELESSNODESENSESTHECHANNELANDDECIDESWHETHERITCANSENDAPACKETORNOTINDISTRIBUTEDWIRELESSNETWORKSNODESEMPLOYACOLLISIONAVOIDANCEMECHANISMSUCHASCSMA/CAORRTS/CTSPROTOCOLWHILEANACCESSPOINTAPISTYPICALLYUSEDINANIEEE80211NETWORKS,THEAPDOESNOTDIRECTLYCONTROLEITHERTHECHANNELACCESSORTHERESOURCEALLOCATIONHOWEVER,DEVICETODEVICECOMMUNICATIONHASNOTBEENUSEDINCELLULARNETWORKSINCELLULARNETWORKSINFORMATIONISDELIVEREDTOTHEDESTINATIONUSEREQUIPMENTUETHROUGHBASESTATIONSTHEBASESTATIONGENERALLYCONTROLSCHANNELACCESSANDALLOCATESRESOURCESEVENWHENTHECOMMUNICATIONISBETWEENUESINTHESAMECELLINCORPORATINGD2DCOMMUNICATIONASAPOSSIBILITYINCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONCANIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFCELLULARNETWORKSWHENTHEUESARECLOSETOEACHOTHERCOMPAREDTOTHEDISTANCETOTHEBASESTATION,D2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREENERGYANDBANDWIDTHEFFICIENTTHANCOMMUNICATIONSTHROUGHABASESTATIONFIGURE2ILLUSTRATESACASEWHICHTHED2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTBECAUSETHECHANNELACCESSANDRESOURCESARECONTROLLEDBYTHEBASESTATION,THED2DCOMMUNICATIONINCELLULARNETWORKSSHOULDALSOBECONTROLLEDBYTHEBASESTATIONTHUS,THEBASESTATIONGRANTSAPPROVALFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENLOCALUESINTHESAMECELLONLYIFITISMOREEFFICIENTTHANTHELEGACYCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONCOMMUNICATIONUSINGD2DISAPPROPRIATEFORUENODESINCLOSEPROXIMITYWHENTHEDISTANCEBETWEENUENODESINCREASES,D2DCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHPUTDEGRADESDRASTICALLY1BECAUSEOFTHEPROXIMITY,D2DCOMMUNICATIONREQUIRESLESSRESOURCESTHANTHENORMALCELLULARCOMMUNICATION,WHICHLEADSTOTHEIMPROVEDTOTALCELLCAPACITY2ACOORDINATEDRESOURCEALLOCATIONFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONTOMANAGETHEINTERFERENCEHASBEENPROPOSED3WEMODELD2DCOMMUNICATIONASAFORMOFWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSTHATSUPPORTSPROXIMITYBASEDAPPLICATIONSERVICESONEEXAMPLEAPPROPRIATEFORFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONSISWHENMOBILEUSERSWANTTOPLAYAPOPULARGAMEWITHANOTHERMOBILEUSERINTHEAREAFILE,IMAGE,ORVIDEOSHARINGBETWEENUSERSINPROXIMITYISANOTHEREXAMPLEAPPROPRIATEFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONASMORESOCIALSERVICEORPROXIMITYBASEDSERVICEBECOMEAVAILABLETHROUGHMOBILEDEVICES,THEREWILLBEMORENEEDFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONSFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONISTYPICALLYIMPLEMENTEDUSINGEITHERFREQUENCYDIVISIONMULTIPLEXINGORTIMEDIVISIONMULTIPLEXINGINORDERFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONSTOTAKEPLACEITISNECESSARYTHATRADIOSARECAPABLETRANSMITTINGANDRECEIVINGONASINGLEFREQUENCYHOWEVER,STRONGSELFINTERFERENCEATTHERECEIVEANTENNAFROMTHESIMULTANEOUSTRANSMISSIONATTHETRANSMITANTENNAPRESENTSACHALLENGEINIMPLEMENTATIONACOMBINATIONOFANALOGANDDIGITALINTERFERENCECANCELLATIONCANSUPPRESSTHESELFINTERFERENCE4AND5AFULLDUPLEXRADIOWITHTWOANTENNASHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDANDSHOWNTOACHIEVEBETTERPERFORMANCETHANTHEHALFDUPLEX2X2MIMOCOMMUNICATIONATLOWTRANSMITPOWERLEVELS5IN6AND7,MACPROTOCOLSUSINGFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONWEREPROPOSEDINTHECONTEXTOFANADHOCNETWORKTHEADOPTION2014INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTING,NETWORKINGANDCOMMUNICATIONS,WIRELESSNETWORKSSYMPOSIUM9781479923588/14/3100?2014IEEE721THISPAPERWEASSUMETHEFIRSTSTEPISSUCCESSFULANDONLYCONSIDERTHESECONDSTEPANDACTUALD2DCOMMUNICATIONWEASSUMETHATTHECHANNELSTATESUCHASPATHLOSSANDFADINGBETWEENTHEUESFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONISKNOWNTOTHEUSERSTHROUGHTHEDISCOVERYPROCEDUREINPROTOCOLSSUCHASFLASHLINQ9,ASPECIALTYPEOFBEACONISUSEDTOBROADCASTORDISCOVERSERVICEANDUESESTIMATETHECHANNELTOOTHERUSERDEVICESBYHEARINGTHEBEACONBECAUSEFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONCANTRANSMITANDRECEIVEONTHESAMEFREQUENCYBAND,ITCANIMPROVETHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYOFACELLWHEND2DCOMMUNICATIONISUSEDFORCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTWOUESINTHESAMECELL,ITUSESHALFBANDWIDTHCOMPAREDTOINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONFDDFIGURE2ILLUSTRATESTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONANDINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONWHENAUSERDEVICECOMMUNICATESWITHTHEBASESTATION,ITUSESBOTHANTENNASINHALFDUPLEXMODEWHENAUSERDEVICEADOPTD2DCOMMUNICATION,ITUTILIZESFULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONWHICHUSES1ANTENNAFOREACHDIRECTIONDINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONMODELWEASSUMETHATTHEFREQUENCYDIVISIONDUPLEXINGBASEDCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONISUSEDINCELLULARNETWORKSTHERECANBETWOCASESFORTHEINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONTHEFIRSTCASEISTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHEUESINTHESAMECELLINOURPROTOCOL,UEREQUESTSD2DCOMMUNICATIONWHENITNEEDSTOCOMMUNICATEWITHANOTHERUEINTHESAMECELLWHENTHEBASESTATIONDETERMINESTHATTHELEGACYCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHAND2DCOMMUNICATION,TWOUESCOMMUNICATETHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONINTHISCASE,DOUBLEFREQUENCYBANDSARENEEDEDFORCOMMUNICATIONEACHFREQUENCYBANDISALLOCATEDTOEACHUEFORCOMMUNICATIONSWITHTHEBASESTATIONFORTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENAUEANDTHEBASESTATION,FDDISUSEDWEASSUMEHALFOFTHEALLOCATEDBANDWIDTHISUSEDFORUPLINKANDTHEOTHERHALFISUSEDFORDOWNLINKTHEBANDWIDTHALLOCATIONFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONISDESCRIBEDINTHENEXTCHAPTERTHESECONDCASEISANUECONNECTSTOANENTITYOUTSIDETHECELLTHEENTITYCANBEEITHERASERVERONTHEINTERNETORANOTHERUEINANOTHERCELLFORBOTHCASES,WEONLYCONSIDERTHEOVERHEADBETWEENAUEANDTHEBASESTATIONTHECOMMUNICATIONOFTHESECONDCASECANNOTBEREPLACEDBYD2DCOMMUNICATIONANDISTHESAMEWITHLEGACYCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONFORTHECOMPARISONWITHD2DCOMMUNICATION,WECONSIDERTHEBANDWIDTHEFFICIENCYOFINFRASTRUCTUREBASEDCOMMUNICATIONWEASSUMETHAT2X2MIMOCOMMUNICATIONISUSEDANDTHECOMMUNICATIONACHIEVESTHE2X2MIMOCHANNELCAPACITYWITHTHECHANNELSTATEINFORMATIONATTHERECEIVERTHENTHECAPACITYIS11CEH?LOGDET?I221NHH?2??3WHERENISTHENOISEVARIANCEANDHISTHECHANNELMATRIXFOR22MIMOCOMMUNICATIONINPRACTICALCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS,THEREISOVERHEADTRANSMISSIONSSUCHASCONTROLORSIGNALINGINFORMATIONTHATNEEDSTOBEEXCHANGEDBETWEENBASESTATIOND2DCOMMUNICATIOND2DCOMMUNICATIONFIG3FULLDUPLEXCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMTHEUSERANDTHEBASESTATIONHOWEVER,INTHISPAPERWEONLYCONSIDERTHEACTUALPACKETTRANSMISSIONBECAUSETHEAMOUNTOFOVERHEADNEEDEDFORBOTHD2DCOMMUNICATIONANDCELLULARCOMMUNICATIONARECOMPARABLEIIIFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONPROTOCOLAD2DCOMMUNICATIONSETUPINTHISSECTION,WEDESCRIBETHED2DCOMMUNICATIONSETUPPROTOCOLAUEREQUESTSD2DCOMMUNICATIONWITHANOTHERUEVIATHEBASESTATIONANDINCLUDETHED2DCHANNELSTATEINFORMATIONINTHEREQUESTWHEND2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHANCELLULARCOMMUNICATION,THEBASESTATIONASSIGNSAFREQUENCYBANDFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONFIGURE3ILLUSTRATESACELLWITHD2DCOMMUNICATIONFUNCTIONALITYWEASSUMETHECHANNELSTATEBETWEENUESANDTHEBASESTATIONISKNOWNTOTHEBASESTATIONBYTHEREFERENCESIGNALSINCELLULARCOMMUNICATION12WHENTHEBASESTATIONFINDSTHATTHEINFRASTRUCTURECOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHANTHEPROPOSEDD2DCOMMUNICATION,ITALLOCATESRESOURCESFORTHECOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONWHEND2DCOMMUNICATIONISCOMPLETED,THEDEVICESINFORMTHEBASESTATIONOFSUCHINORDERTOREALLOCATETHERESOURCEBCRITERIAFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONWITHTHEGIVENCHANNELSTATEINFORMATION,THEBASESTATIONDETERMINESWHETHERTHED2DCOMMUNICATIONISMOREEFFICIENTTHANTHECOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHTHEBASESTATIONLETHD2D,BETHE1X1CHANNELSTATEFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONLETHB,IISTHE2X2CHANNELSTATEBETWEENUSERIANDTHEBASESTATIONWHENTWOUESHAVEPACKETSTOTRANSMITTOEACHOTHERCONSISTINGOFMBITSWEASSUMETHECHANNELRECIPROCITYFORD2DCOMMUNICATIONTHENTHETIMECONSUMPTIONFORTWOWAYPACKETTRANSMISSIONUSINGFULLDUPLEXD2DCOMMUNICATIONISTD2DMWELOG21|HD2D|2SINR4WHERESINRISGIVENIN2THETIMECONSUMPTIONFORTHETWOWAYPACKETTRANSMISSIONINACELLUSINGINFRASTRUCTURE2014INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONCOMPUTING,NETWORKINGANDCOMMUNICATIONS,WIRELESSNETWORKSSYMPOSIUM723

簡介：外文原文與譯文外文原文與譯文HIGHENERGYPULSESWITCHINGCHARACTERISTICSOFTHYRISTORSABSTRACTEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDTOSTUDYTHEHIGHENERGY,HIGHDILDTPULSESWITCHINGCHARACTERISTICSOFSCRSWITHANDWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEHIGHDILDTHIGHENERGYSINGLESHOTEXPERIMENTSWEREFIRSTDONEDEVICESWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEPERFORMEDMUCHBETTERTHANTHEDEVICESWITHTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEAPHYSICALMODELISPRESENTEDTODESCRIBETHEROLEOFTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEINTHETURNONPROCESS,THEREBYEXPLAININGTHEDIFFERENCESINTHESWITCHINGCHARACTERISTICSTHETURNONAREAFORTHEFAILUREOFTHEDEVICESWASTHEORETICALLYESTIMATEDANDCORRELATEDWITHOBSERVATIONSTHISALLOWEDCALCULATIONOFTHECURRENTDENSITYREQUIREDFORFAILURESINCETHEFAILUREOFTHESEDEVICESUNDERHIGHDILDTCONDITIONSWASTHERMALINNATURE,ASIMULATIONUSINGAFINITEELEMENTMETHODWASPERFORMEDTOESTIMATETHETEMPERATURERISEINTHEDEVICESTHERESULTSFROMTHISSIMULATIONSHOWEDTHATTHETEMPERATURERISEWASSIGNIFICANTLYHIGHERINTHEDEVICESWITHTHEAMPLIFYINGGATETHANINTHEDEVICESWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEFROMTHESERESULTS,THESAFEOPERATINGFREQUENCIESFORALLTHEDEVICESUNDERHIGHDILDTCONDITIONSWASESTIMATEDTHESEESTIMATESWERECONFIRMEDBYEXPERIMENTALLYSTRESSINGTHEDEVICESUNDERHIGHDI/DTREPETITIVEOPERATIONIINTRODUCTIONRECENTINNOVATIONSINSEMICONDUCTORDEVICEDESIGNSANDADVANCESINMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGIESHAVEHELPEDEVOLVEHIGHPOWERTHYRISTORSTHESEDEVICESAREDESIGNEDTOOPERATEINACONTINUOUSMODEFORAPPLICATIONSSUCHASACTODCPOWERCONVERSIONANDMOTORDRIVESUNTILRECENTLY,THEIRAPPLICATIONTOHIGHPOWERPULSESWITCHINGWASMOSTLYUNKNOWNONEOFTHEMAINREASONSTHATHASDISCOURAGEDTHEUSEOFTHYRISTORSFORHIGHSPEED,HIGHENERGYSWITCHINGISTHEIRLOWDILDTRATINGTHELIMITINGVALUEOFTHEDILDTBEFOREDAMAGEOCCURSISRELATEDTOTHESIZEOFTHEINITIALTURNONAREAANDTHESPREADINGVELOCITYIRECENTEXPERIMENTALRESULTSPRESENTEDIN24SHOWTHATWITHINCREASEDGATEDEVICE,SCRSANDGTOSHAVINGHIGHLYINTERDIGITATEDGATECATHODESTRUCTURESCANRELIABLYOPERATEUNDERHIGHDILDTCONDITIONSONASINGLESHOTBASISPREVIOUSLY,SCRSHAVEALSOBEENUSEDFORREPETITIVESWITCHINGOF1KA,10PSWIDEPULSESHAVINGADILDTOFABOUT10000ALPS,AT500AND800HZFORA10HPERIODSIITISREPORTEDIN6THATGTOMODULESFIVEDEVICESINSERIESCANBLOCK115KVANDSWITCH45KAPULSESHAVINGADILDTOF2500A/KSATFREQUENCIESOF100HZASYMMETRICDEVICES,SUCHASTHEASCRSINASTACKASSISTEDBYSATURABLEINDUCTORS,OFFAILUREAROUNDTHEAMPLIFYINGGATECANBESEENASAHOTSPOTALLTHESERESULTSPOINTTOTHEFACTTHATTHECONDUCTIONAREANEARTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEREGIONINTHEUNSHORTEDDEVICEISVERYSMALLTHISLEADSTOANINCREASEINCURRENTDENSITYINTHEDEVICEAND,THEREFORE,THEINSTANTANEOUSRISEINTEMPERATUREEXCEEDSTHETHRESHOLDVALUEFORFAILUREABOUT1100°C9TABLE1SINGLESHOTEXPERIMENTALRESUILSTSFIG1TYPICALCH1ANDCH2SWITCHINGWAVEFORMSOFTHEUNSHORTEDAIAKVDEVICE,CH11931A/DIV,CH2500V/DIV,TIMEBASE100NS/DIV111ROLEOFTHEAMPLIFYINGGATETHERESULTSPRESENTEDINTHEPREVIOUSSECTIONSHOWTHATTHEDEVICESWITHOUTTHEAMPLIFYINGGATESHORTEDDEVICESBETTERTHANTHEDEVICESWITHTHEAMPLIFYINGGATEUNSHORTEDDEVICESTHETYPICALSWITCHINGWAVEFORMSOFTHEUNSHORTEDANDTHESHORTEDDEVICESARESHOWNINFIGS1AND2,RESPECTIVELYINTHECASEOFTHEUNSHORTEDDEVICE,THEANODECURRENTRISESTOACERTAINVALUEANDREMAINSATTHATVALUEFORABOUTNSBEFORERISINGFURTHERITSPEAKVALUEWHENTHERESISTANCEOFTHEDEVICEREDUCESASARESULTOFMORETURNEDONAREATHISBEHAVIORISNOTSEENWHENTHESHORTEDDEVICEISUSEDFORSWITCHINGTHEANODECURRENTSWITCHEDBYTHESHORTEDDEVICESHASASMOOTHRISINGEDGETHEDYNAMICRESISTANCEOFTHETWODEVICESCOMPUTEDFROMTHEV,KANDIAHWAVEFORMS

簡介：中文中文2460字畢業(yè)設計（論文）畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻譯（原文）外文翻譯（原文）ANEMBEDDEDSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNJJAYAPANDIANANDUSHARANIRAVIDESIGNDEVELOPMENTAMIXEDARRAYLOGICCONSISTSOFANALOG,DIGITALANDDIGITALCOMMUNICATIONBLOCKSWITHININITTHEVIRTUALINSTRUMENTCONTROLPROGRAMWRITTENINLABVIEWVER71,AGRAPHICALLANGUAGE,PROVIDESUSERFRIENDLYMENUDRIVENWINDOWBASEDCONTROLPANEL,INTERACTSWITHTHESINGLEPSOCCHIPDESIGNFORSENSINGANDCONTROLLINGTHETEMPERATURETHISSIMPLECOSTEFFECTIVEEMBEDDEDDESIGNFINDSPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONINLABORATORYASWELLASININDUSTRIESTHISDEIGNCANALSOBEMADEASASTANDALONESYSTEMWITHOUTPCBYPROGRAMMINGLED/LCDDISPLAYANDKEYPADATTACHMENTMODULESINSAMEPSOCCHIP1INTRODUCTIONTHEADVENTOFINTELLIGENTPROGRAMMABLEEMBEDDEDSILICONDESIGNSPROVIDESTHEABILITYTOIMPLEMENTANYREQUIREDHARDWAREPROGRAMMATICALLYFORTHEDESIGNAUTOMATIONININDUSTRIESANDLABORATORIESRECENTTRENDINLABORATORYASWELLASININDUSTRIALAUTOMATIONDESIGNSUSESMINIMALHARDWAREANDMAXIMUMSUPPORTOFSOFTWARETHEPROGRAMMABLEEMBEDDEDCOMPONENTSANDAPPLICATIONSOFTWAREAVAILABLEINTHEMARKETENABLESTHEDESIGNERFORUSERFRIENDLYCOSTEFFECTIVEDESIGNSOLUTIONFORANYSYSTEMAUTOMATIONTEMPERATURECONTROLLERSAREPLAYINGVITALROLEININDUSTRIESANDLABORATORIESTOACCURATELYCONTROLPROCESSTEMPERATUREWITHOUTEXTENSIVEOPERATORINVOLVEMENT,ATEMPERATURECONTROLSYSTEMRELIESUPONACONTROLLER,WHICHACCEPTSATEMPERATURESENSORSUCHASATHERMOCOUPLEORRTDASINPUTITCOMPARESTHEACTUALTEMPERATURETOTHEDESIREDCONTROLTEMPERATURE,ORSETPOINT,ANDPROVIDESANOUTPUTTOACONTROLELEMENTTHECONTROLLERISONEOFTHEMAJORPARTSOFTHEENTIRECONTROLSYSTEM,ANDTHEWHOLESYSTEMSHOULDBEANALYZEDINSELECTINGTHEPROPERCONTROLLERTHISPAPERDESCRIBESANOVELSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNWITHCYPRESSMICROSYSTEMSPROGRAMMABLESYSTEMONCHIPPSOCVIRTUALINSTRUMENTCONTROLPROGRAMWRITTENINLABVIEWVER71INTERACTSWITHTHEEMBEDDEDPSOCDESIGNANDSENSESANDCONTROLSTHETEMPERATUREOFFURNACE/LOAD2PROGRAMMABLESYSTEMONCHIPPSOCWHILESANDINEXPENSIVEINTERFACETOSENSORS,ANDMORECYPRESS’SYSTEMCHIPPSOCARCHITECTUREOFFERSAFLEXIBLE,ECONOMICALSOLUTIONFORAWIDEVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONSTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEDESIGNOFATEMPERATURECONTROLLERONASINGLECY8C27143,8PINPSOCCHIPASSHOWNINFIG1,ITFEATURESFOURMAINAREASPSOCCORE,DIGITALSYSTEM,ANALOGSYSTEM,ANDRESOURCESINCLUDINGIN/OUTPORTSTHISARCHITECTUREALLOWSTHEUSERTOCREATECUSTOMIZEALPHERATZCONFIGURATIONSTHATMATCHTHEREQUIREMENTSOFEACHINDIVIDUALAPPLICATIONTHEUARTINTERFACE,COUPLEDWITHCONFIGURABLEANALOGANDDIGITALPERIPHERALSMAKESTHECY8C27143TRULYFORTHECONTROLANDDATAACQUISITIONOFPROCESSVARIABLESTHESEPROGRAMSAREEASYTOIMPLEMENTWITHGRAPHICLANGUAGESGLANGUAGETHE“G”LANGUAGEIMPLEMENTSTHEDATAFLOWTECHNIQUETHEUSAGEOF“G”LANGUAGEPROVIDESEASYINTERFACINGWITHPCSUNDERTHEWINDOWSENVIRONMENT2THE“G”LANGUAGEPROVIDESBUILTINFUNCTIONLIBRARIESFORAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONREQUIREMENTSASGRAPHICPALETTES,WHICHINTURNSUPPORTSTHEREQUIREDDLLSFORTHEFUNCTIONSTORUNUNDERWINDOWSENVIRONMENTUSUALLYTHE“G”LANGUAGEVIPROGRAMSCONSISTOFTWOFRAMESVIZ,PANELDIAGRAMANDFUNCTIONALDIAGRAMINTHEPANELDIAGRAM,PROGRAMMERSCANASSIGNVARIOUSCONTROLSANDINDICATORSIE,INPUTANDOUTPUTVARIABLESTHEIRREQUIREMENTSANDINTHEFUNCTIONALDIAGRAM,THEDESIGNERSCANIMPLEMENTTHEREQUIREDFIG2PSOCDESIGNERSCREENFORSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERFUNCTIONSAVAILABLEASAFUNCTIONLIBRARYINLABNATIONALINSTRUMENTSVERSION71INCORPORATESALLTHENECESSARYFUNCTIONSAS‘ICONS’INITSPACKAGE4PSOCSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNFIG2SHOWSTHEPSOCDESIGNERSCREENFORTHEEMBEDDEDSINGLECHIPTEMPERATURECONTROLLERDESIGNPROJECT1LEFTSIDEOFTHESCREENSHOWSTHESETTINGSOFGLOBALRESOURCEANDUSERMODULEPARAMETERSALONGWITHPINCONNECTIVITYMIDDLEPORTIONOFTHESCREENSHOWSTHEANALOGANDDIGITALBLOCKSUSERMODULEPLACEMENTTOPPORTIONOFTHESCREENSHOWSTHESELECTEDUSERMODULESFORTHISPROJECTRIGHTSIDEOFTHESCREENDESCRIBESTHEPINCONNECTIVITYCONFIGUREDINTHEDESIGNINTHISNOVELSINGLECHIPDESIGN,THERMOCOUPLETCSIGNALHASBEENAMPLIFIEDBYAPROGRAMMABLEGAINAMPLIFIERPGAPLACEDINTHEPSOC’SANALOGBLOCKTHEAMPLIFIEDTCSIGNALHASBEENFEDINTOA12BITANALOGTODIGITALADCUSERMODULEPROGRAMMEDINTHEPSOCCHIP,WHICHINCLUDESBOTHANALOGANDDIGITALBLOCKSFORITSFUNCTIONALITYBYPSOCDESIGNERPROGRAMMINGTHECONVERTEDDIGITALDATAOFTHETCSIGNALHASBEENFEDTOTHEUARTUSERMODULEFORSERIALCOMMUNICATIONWITHPERSONALCOMPUTERTHEUARTUSERMODULEPLACEDINTHECHIP,AUTOMATICALLYGETSPLACEDINTWODIGITALBLOCKSOFPSOCCHIP,TRANSMITTERTXDANDRECEIVERRXDFORPCSSERIALCOMMUNICATIONAPULSEWIDTHMODULATORPWM,PLACEDINTHEPSOCDIGITALBLOCK,SETSASERIALPULSEWIDTHMODULATEDTTLPULSESINRESPONSETOTHEPIDCONTROLFUNCTIONFORTHEDEVIATIONINSETANDMEASUREDTEMPERATURETHISWILLINTURNCONTROLSTHEOPTICALLYCOUPLEDSOLIDSTATERELAYSSR

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯外文譯文題目斯太斯太爾摩線冷卻冷卻監(jiān)控系控系統(tǒng)的開的開發(fā)與應用學院信息科學與工程學院專業(yè)自動化學號200809154012學生姓名學生姓名彭紅指導教師指導教師梁開日期二○一二年六月我們用FDTDCRANKNICOLSON方法解上面方程，因為它的快速性和無條件穩(wěn)定性。這可以滿足在線實時系統(tǒng)的需要。為了保持系統(tǒng)速度和準確性的平衡，通過反復實驗，我們選擇20個數(shù)據(jù)。通常，大量的數(shù)據(jù)能夠保證系統(tǒng)的準確性，但是會降低系統(tǒng)的速度。這在在線實時系統(tǒng)中是不實際的。因為實際的生產(chǎn)過程中，一個線材通過吐絲機的時間不會超過2秒。我們采用下面的邊界條件●在中心線●在線材表面這兒初始條件是這里T是時間，單位秒，R0是線材半徑，H是熱轉(zhuǎn)換常數(shù)，T0是線材表面溫度，TA是周圍空氣和水的溫度。當系統(tǒng)運行時，TIN是來自高溫計測量的溫度。這個系統(tǒng)將斯太爾摩生產(chǎn)線劃分為幾個部分。每個部分有它的熱轉(zhuǎn)換常數(shù)值H，它可以自適應來自高溫計的實際值，一個常量H對應每一個風扇控制臺，它可以通過以下方程自適應系統(tǒng)這里HOLD是原始的熱轉(zhuǎn)換常數(shù)，TC是系統(tǒng)預測的溫度，TM是高溫計測量的溫度，TAIR是空氣溫度。這個計算系統(tǒng)通過FDTD系統(tǒng)和FEF系統(tǒng)在同樣條件下的比較，并得到相同的結(jié)果。作為一個實時在線系統(tǒng)，它需要通過本地網(wǎng)絡將材料流和PLC自動控制系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系起來。這個系統(tǒng)需要輸入兩組數(shù)據(jù)，一組是來自高溫計的實際溫度，另外一組是線材的基本信息。八個高溫計已經(jīng)安裝在生產(chǎn)線去提供實際溫度數(shù)據(jù)便于系統(tǒng)去計算比較。這些溫度首先被生產(chǎn)線高溫計測量，直接傳送給特定的PLC，然后保存在數(shù)據(jù)庫，最后

簡介：對由對由ANSYSANSYS開發(fā)的大型工程模型的降階開發(fā)的大型工程模型的降階EVGENIIBRUDNYI和JANGKORVINKIMTEK微控技術研究所弗賴堡大學GEORGESKOHLERALLEE,103D79110,德國弗賴堡{RUDNYI,KORVINK}IMTEKDEHTTP//WWWIMTEKUNIFREIBURGDE/SIMULATION/摘要摘要工程師能夠在ANSYS開發(fā)的有限元模型中運用現(xiàn)有的軟件實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代模型降階技術。我們著于一個人如何獨立的從在ANSYS和C上實現(xiàn)的執(zhí)行模型中提取所需的信息，而不用依靠特別的專業(yè)人士，我們將利用與結(jié)構(gòu)力學和熱力學有限元模型相關的實例來討論計算成本。11介紹介紹大型線性動態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型降階已經(jīng)是相當成熟的領域1。許多論文（見參考文獻2）指出，模型降價的優(yōu)勢已在各種科學和工程應用上被證實。我們目前的工作是集中討論工程師如何將該技術與現(xiàn)有的商業(yè)有限元軟件相結(jié)合，以達到如下目的加快對瞬變電壓、諧波的分析；自動生成系統(tǒng)級仿真的緊湊模型；在設計階段納入有限元程序包。通常大規(guī)模動態(tài)系統(tǒng)模型降階第一步如下EX˙AXBU11YCX其中A和E是系統(tǒng)矩陣，B是輸入矩陣，C是輸出矩陣。模型降階的目的是產(chǎn)生一個低維式以逼近（11），ERZARZBRUYCRZ12此式描述了輸入向量U對輸出向量Y的依賴，因此,同一時間降階后向量Z的維數(shù)遠小于原來X的狀態(tài)向量維數(shù)。對由偏微分描述的用戶模型方程進行空間離散化后，有限元程序包通常產(chǎn)生一個常微分方程系統(tǒng)。在這階段，它有可能直接適用于模型降階的方法1。然而，從商業(yè)包裝過的系統(tǒng)矩陣里提取卻不是這樣，我們將介紹我們是怎么用ANSYS有限元分析做到的3。我們選擇了市場矩陣形式來表示簡化模型（12）4。我們假設在另一個包如MATLAB或MATHEMATICA上完成其仿真。降價模型在數(shù)學方面的運作是可行的，這可以參見HTTP//WWWIMTEKUNIFREIBURGDE/SIMULATION/MATHEMATICA/IMSWEB/非線性系統(tǒng)矩陣的維數(shù)高并且可降階。因此,實施一個模型降階的算法通常取決于特定的可降階矩陣存儲方案。我們討論了一個C接口，這使我們能夠完全忽略模型降階求解時的一些微不足道的開銷。最后，我們分析了計算成本績效和ANSYS的模型的性能測試結(jié)果。運用有限元分析軟件ANSYS生成的模型比原模型更準確。22更多的更多的ANSYSANSYS商業(yè)有限元軟件包含兩個幾乎獨立的模塊（見圖1）6。第一個模塊用于讀取一階動態(tài)系統(tǒng)或二階系統(tǒng)二進制文件和裝載有限元分析軟件ANSYS，MX¨EX˙KXBU23YCX其中M，E和K是三個系統(tǒng)矩陣。第二個模塊適用于模型降階算法式（11）或式（23），也就是說，它找到一個低維的式V，XVZ（24）?難的，例如，在有加速負載的情況下提取載荷向量，ANSYS的EMAT文件不能充分表示負荷向量，當有多個輸入時，如輸入式（11）或式（23）時用戶應該刪除以前應用的負載，申請一個新的負載，生成矩陣。為了改進這一過程，第二個策略也被允許用戶不刪除以前的負載，在這種情況下，ANSYS會糾正在第一階段結(jié)束的每一個新的負載向量（包含所有先前的載體）。2222運行模型降階算法運行模型降階算法在克雷洛夫空間的基礎上，我們可以通過一個非常有效的計算11,8，獲得具有優(yōu)良逼近性質(zhì)的低維子空間（24）。當前版本的ANSYS實現(xiàn)了更多的ARNOLDI算法11，以支持多個輸入，塊大小等于輸入數(shù)量。每一步迭代KRYLOV子空間，都需要我們計算矩陣向量積為一階系統(tǒng)，例如，H1EA?（25）其中H是向量，該系統(tǒng)矩陣高維并且可降階，是一個不明確的計算結(jié)果。唯一可行的解決方案A1?是解決如下的線性方程組的一個AGEH26這主要是為降低系統(tǒng)計算成本，這以后，與正交化過程中相關的額外費用也將計算在內(nèi)。這里有許多可降階求解法以及許多可降階矩陣的存儲方案。我們的目標是讓實現(xiàn)它們的方式不依賴于一個特定的求解模型降階算法。此外，我們希望在運行時允許改變求解，就是允許運行時的多態(tài)性。因此，我們選擇了虛函數(shù)圖2有限元設計模型和系統(tǒng)仿真機制，這項開銷可以忽略不計，我們的例子都是緊湊型計算。我們的做法就像PETS12和TRINILOS13的做法,為了涵蓋許多不同的場景，抽象的ANSYS接口被寫在相對低級別的功能方面，在緊湊型克雷洛夫子空間，向量存儲在連續(xù)的空間。目前，我們可以從TAUCS14直接求解并獲得UMFPACK庫支持15,16，而ATLAS庫已被用來生成優(yōu)化的BLAS17。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)ANSYS有許多具有相當競爭力、多達500萬自由度的矩陣因子可以直接用來求解，它們被存放在4GB空間內(nèi)，這使我們能夠重復使用分解，并取得良好的業(yè)績。3模型降階算法的成本模型降階算法的成本通過實驗我們觀察到的許多ANSYS的降階模型以30為秩就足以正確地描述原高維系統(tǒng)5。因此，為了簡單起見，我們要限制這種情況下計算分析的成本。

簡介：中文中文2800字出處2010NINTHINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONDISTRIBUTEDCOMPUTINGANDAPPLICATIONSTOBUSINESS,ENGINEERINGANDSCIENCE數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品在線交易系統(tǒng)的設計與實現(xiàn)數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品在線交易系統(tǒng)的設計與實現(xiàn)高蘭俊劉泉江學梅中國湖北省武漢市，湖北科技大學信息工程學院摘要為了讓網(wǎng)上購物更加方便，本文提出了基于JSP的在線購物系統(tǒng)的設計與實現(xiàn)。文中主要介紹了網(wǎng)上購物程序、在線支付、訂單生成，以及完成了一系列關于實現(xiàn)數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品線上交易的功能。關鍵字網(wǎng)絡；在線交易；JSP；數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品一、引言隨著網(wǎng)絡及電子商務的流行，網(wǎng)上購物逐漸成為一種時尚。同時，由于網(wǎng)絡和信息技術的發(fā)展和日益結(jié)合，許多傳統(tǒng)媒體內(nèi)容將采用數(shù)字方法,可以預測的是數(shù)字大眾媒體將是一個選擇,它可以廣泛用在電子商務中,如在線圖像、MP3的在線銷售，數(shù)字電影的發(fā)展，電子書銷售等1。為了完成數(shù)碼作品（特別是圖像、文本、音頻、視頻）的在線交易，我們建立了一個基于JSP技術和MYSQL數(shù)據(jù)庫的在線購物系統(tǒng)，它實現(xiàn)了關于數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品交易的一系列功能，能夠幫助有需要的人在網(wǎng)上搜索、瀏覽、購買多媒體產(chǎn)品。二、系統(tǒng)設計1、在線交易系統(tǒng)的軟件配置這個系統(tǒng)，作為一個典型的JAVAWEB應用程序中,有一個三層軟件架構(gòu)。這個三層的運用“JSP”和“JAVABEAN”技術的網(wǎng)絡架構(gòu)開發(fā)模型，如圖1所示。圖1在線交易系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)上配置在線交易系統(tǒng)的網(wǎng)上配置HTML頁面。一旦訂單生成它就會通過網(wǎng)上銀行界面連接到實際的銀行。然后訂單被寫入交易數(shù)據(jù)庫,它將為用戶提供下載許可,最后交易就成功完成了。3、系統(tǒng)功能模塊的分析該系統(tǒng)主要包括下列特性,它包括先前已經(jīng)提供的線上基本服務，目的在于消費者任何時候瀏覽和購買以達到有效的線上交易。網(wǎng)上交易系統(tǒng)功能模塊，正如你所見，可以分成兩類前端模塊和后端模塊。一方面,前端模塊包括產(chǎn)品的搜索、查詢模塊、購物車模塊,前端訂單處理模塊和購物管理模塊。另一方面,后端模塊包括產(chǎn)品信息管理模塊、后端訂單管理模塊、后端用戶信息管理模塊。模塊的主要功能如下所述（1）產(chǎn)品的搜索和查詢模塊該模塊為用戶提供了一個關于需要的數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品和相關產(chǎn)品信息快速查詢功能，比如作者、內(nèi)容簡介,和時間,以此使消費者可以做出合理的和滿意的選擇。（2）購物車和訂單處理的前端模塊這個模塊提供的功能包括將選定商品的信息保存在購物車中,以及當消費者瀏覽和選擇他們想買的產(chǎn)品時生成相關的訂單。這個模塊將提供下面這些特定的子功能只要消費者上網(wǎng)，他們就可以在任何時間查看購物車的訂單狀態(tài)○1消費者可以按他們想法填寫和修改在線訂單?！?（3）后端產(chǎn)品信息管理模塊為了確保在線產(chǎn)品信息的及時性,這個模塊將允許后端維護和管理人員在任何時間添加、刪除和修改在線數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品的銷售信息。這個模塊可以提供下面這些特定的子功能●提供產(chǎn)品分類管理工作●提供與產(chǎn)品相關的信息管理。（4）后端用戶信息管理模塊后端用戶信息管理模塊用于實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站的維護和后端用戶狀態(tài)的管理,例如用戶綁定信息和認證等的管理。